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The main tasks of medical genetics include:
analysis of the causes of hereditary diseases, the nature of their inheritance in different families, prevalence in human populations, study of specific molecular mechanisms that trigger the pathological process. One of the main practical tasks of medical genetics is the search for possible approaches to the prevention and treatment of hereditary diseases.
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Hereditary diseases include a very large number of pathological conditions. These are numerous diseases of internal organs, metabolic disorders, blood disorders, endocrine, genitourinary, nervous and other systems of the human body. Previously, doctors believed that hereditary diseases were extremely rare and did not have any significant effect on the total morbidity of the population.
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Indeed, individual hereditary diseases are rare, because they are the result of very rare mutations. However, there are a number of widespread forms of genetically determined pathologies that affect large groups of people and cause significant harm to public health. For example, the incidence of diabetes in human populations varies within 1%, which means that there are tens of millions of sufferers worldwide. Among the widespread hereditary diseases is color blindness, which is observed in 8% of all men and 0.5% of women. This also includes the most common vision pathologies: myopia and farsightedness, etc.
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Progress in the development of medicine leads to a relative increase in the proportion of genetically determined pathologies. To date, over 3,500 hereditary diseases have been described. About 5-5.5% of children are born with hereditary or congenital pathology. Half of spontaneous abortions are due to genetic reasons. At least 30% of perinatal and neonatal mortality is due to congenital malformations and hereditary diseases with other manifestations.
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Humanity is burdened with a huge burden of pathological mutations, which manifests itself in two types of effects: Its genetic consequences, as in any animal population, are expressed in a decrease in the fitness of carriers of pathological mutations, i.e. decreasing the number of descendants. The medical consequences of humanity being burdened with pathological mutations are diseases and a reduction in life expectancy.
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Types of mutations in humans and their consequences
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The total burden of mutations from a medical point of view is expressed in fairly significant quantities
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A comprehensive quantitative assessment of various factors shows that the health of the population in developed countries is determined by: the state of healthcare and medical care by 8-14%, the environment by 20-22%, conditions and lifestyle by 48-50%, genetic factors by 18-20 %.
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The share of genetic determination of medical statistics and healthcare indicators
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The contribution of hereditary and environmental factors to human pathology
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Actually hereditary diseases
The phenotypic manifestation of a mutation as an etiological (causal) factor is practically independent of the environment; the latter can only change the severity of symptoms and the severity of the disease. These are genetic and chromosomal hereditary diseases (hemophilia, albinism, phenylketonuria, cystic fibrosis, Down's disease, etc.).
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Diseases with hereditary predisposition (multifactorial)
They, in turn, can be divided into two more types: Diseases in which heredity is an etiological factor, but for their manifestation the action of a corresponding environmental factor is necessary (for example, gout, diabetes, sickle cell anemia). Diseases in which the etiological factors are environmental influences, but the frequency of occurrence and severity of these diseases depend on hereditary predisposition. Such diseases include atherosclerosis, IVS, hypertension, peptic ulcer, psoriasis, most types of cancer, etc.
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"Environmental" diseases
Diseases in the origin of which heredity does not play a role. These are, for example, injuries, burns, infectious diseases. In this case, genetic factors can only influence the pathogenesis of the disease, i.e. on the peculiarities of the course of pathological processes (rate of regeneration, recovery, compensation of functions, etc.).
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The common etiological factor of genetic diseases itself is pathological heredity (in the form of genomic, chromosomal and gene mutations). Accordingly, it is customary to distinguish between genetic and chromosomal diseases.
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Diseases caused by changes in the structure of the DNA molecule (gene mutations) are called gene diseases (monogenic syndromes). Diseases caused by changes in the number and structure of chromosomes (genomic and chromosomal mutations, respectively) are called chromosomal diseases.
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In addition to genomic, chromosomal and gene mutations, the causes of hereditary diseases can also be other changes in genetic material (non-traditional type of inheritance): impaired DNA splicing, an increase in the number (expansion) of trinucleotide repeats, genomic imprinting, etc.
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Splicing disorder
impaired splicing of pre-mRNA arginine succinate synthetase leads to citrulinemia (respiratory disorders, convulsions, depression of the nervous system); impaired splicing of pre-mRNA globins leads to various types of thalassemia (hereditary hemolytic anemia, characterized by impaired globin synthesis); impaired splicing of pre-mRNA immunoglobulins leads to diseases associated with impaired synthesis of antibody heavy chains.
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Trinucleotide repeat expansion
DNA expansion is understood as an increase in the number of copies of short repeating nucleotide sequences within a cluster during the transmission of genetic information from parents to offspring. An increase in the number of trinucleotide repeats causes diseases such as fragile X syndrome, atrophic myotonia, Huntington's disease, X-linked bulbospinal amyotrophy, spinocerebellar degenerations, etc.
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Imprinting diseases
To date, about 30 genes have been discovered that are differentially expressed on paternal and maternal chromosomes. Classic examples of imprinting diseases are Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, the main clinical manifestations of which are mental retardation of varying severity in combination with severe neurological disorders.
Slide 21
The most common cause of Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes is deletion of the critical region (q11 – q13) on chromosome No. 15. Prader-Willi syndrome occurs when a child inherits a deleted chromosome 15 from the father. Angelman syndrome is caused by a deletion in the same region, but on maternal chromosome 15. Thus, the occurrence of these two clinically distinct hereditary syndromes depends on the parental origin of the chromosomal mutation.
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Clinical polymorphism
Hereditary diseases are characterized by clinical polymorphism, which manifests itself in the difference between individuals in the time of onset of the disease, in the dynamics of the appearance of symptoms, in their spectrum and severity, in the course of the disease and its outcome. clinical polymorphism is caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. An important place in this phenomenon is occupied by such genetic phenomena as genetic heterogeneity of organisms, penetrance and expressivity of genes, pleiotropy phenomena and the interaction of allelic and non-allelic genes.
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Huntington's chorea
(from the Greek choreia - dance) is a chronically progressive disease of the nervous system, characterized by a combination of choreic hyperkinesis and dementia. (from www.medkursor.ru)
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Clinical polymorphism
Huntington's chorea is a well-studied autosomal dominant disease, the basis of the pathogenesis of which is damage to the basal ganglia of the brain. The disease begins with the appearance of hyperkinesis, the time of appearance of which varies in different patients within a very wide range. The time of onset of the disease correlates with its severity. It is important to note that a large polymorphism of manifestations is also found in members of the same family; in this case, the cause of the polymorphism is unlikely to lie in the genetic heterogeneity of the disease.
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Manifestation of diseases
Most often, hereditary diseases manifest themselves before birth (in the embryonic period), or immediately after birth, but there are also those that give the first symptoms only in adulthood or even in old age. In these cases they talk about the so-called. manifestations of the disease. For example, cerebellar ataxia is first detected in carriers of the corresponding mutant gene at the age of 20-30 years. Common diseases such as gout, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease appear mainly in adulthood or old age.
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Clinical manifestation of monogenic diseases in ontogenesis
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Hereditary and congenital pathology
In medicine, there are two concepts expressed by the terms “hereditary diseases” and “congenital diseases”. These concepts are not synonymous, since congenital diseases (manifesting from the moment of birth) can be caused by both hereditary and environmental factors. For example, the causes of such anomalies as “cleft palate”, “cleft lip”, polydactyly, syndactyly, heart defects and other internal organs can be not only mutant genes, but also the effect on the fetus during pregnancy from any (not necessarily mutagenic) factor , which can disrupt development.
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“Chromosomal diseases” - Hereditary diseases are human diseases caused by chromosomal and gene mutations. Progeria I started to get old, life is already short. Autosomal recessive type of inheritance. XXY and XXXY – Klinefelter syndrome. Mendel's 3rd law is the law of independent inheritance of individual characteristics. Shershevsky-Turner syndrome.
“Genetics and hereditary human diseases” - In 1986, 2 thousand hereditary diseases were known. Cytogenetic method. 150 thousand children who will have difficulty studying. In which chromosomes did the mutations occur? Allows you to identify gene mutations that cannot be seen with a microscope. Among Europeans - from the first and second. The occurrence of blood groups varies in different human populations.
“Hereditary syndromes and diseases” - Chromosomal diseases. The mutant gene appears only in the homozygous state. http://www.nld.by/imagebase/ib298/ib_stat14_1.htm. They are caused by the interaction of certain combinations of alleles of different loci and exogenous factors. Cleft lip and palate account for 86.9% of all congenital facial malformations.
"Down's disease" - Historical aspect. Thinking Verbal tasks are performed worse than non-verbal ones. The most effective combination of motor and visual memory and more repetitions. Constant structured tasks contribute to improving learning. Violation clinic. Down syndrome researchers. Teaching children with Down syndrome.
“Human genetic diseases” - Mutations can be generative and somatic. Mutations occur suddenly, spasmodically. Gene diseases and abnormalities. R: ХСХс x ХСУ G: ХС: Хс: ХС: У F1: ХСХС: ХСХс: ХСУ: ХсУ son is colorblind. Sickle cell anemia. Specifics of a person as an object of genetic research. For parents after 40 years of age, the incidence of sick children increases sharply.
“Hereditary human diseases” - About 2000 hereditary diseases and deformities are known. Medical genetic counseling. Doctors - study measures to prevent hereditary diseases. "Genetics and Medicine". Almost every five years in the world a catalog of hereditary human diseases is published. I.P. Pavlov. Stage I. The nucleotide sequence of all human chromosomes has been deciphered.
Specifics of humans as an object of genetic research Complex chromosome set Genetic heterogeneity of human populations Absence of homozygous lines Few offspring Diversity of the biological and social environment of people Slow generational change Impossibility of placing all family members in exactly the same conditions Life expectancy of researchers is commensurate with the duration of existence of the object of study
Methods for studying human heredity Methods for studying human heredity Genealogical: Compilation and study of pedigrees Cytogenetic: The chromosome sets of healthy and sick people are studied Twin: The genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of twins are studied Biochemical: The chemical composition of the intracellular environment, blood, tissue fluid is studied
Hereditary diseases In medical genetics, there are about 3000 hereditary diseases About 4% of newborn children suffer from genetic defects 1 out of 10 human gametes carries erroneous information due to mutation The study and prevention of hereditary human diseases is the subject of a science called MEDICAL GENETICS
Mutations are hereditary changes in genetic material. Mutations occur suddenly, spasmodically. Mutations are hereditary, i.e. are persistently passed on from generation to generation. Mutations are random and undirected - any gene can mutate, causing changes in both minor and vital signs. The same mutations can occur repeatedly. In their manifestation, mutations can be beneficial and harmful, dominant and recessive. Mutations can be generative or somatic.
Gene diseases and anomalies In humans, color blindness (the inability to distinguish between red and green colors) is caused by a sex-linked recessive gene c, localized on the X chromosome. A married couple had a son who is colorblind. Indicate the possible genotypes of the parents. R: X C X c x X C U G: X C: X c: X C: U F 1: X C X C: X C X c: X C U: X c U son is colorblind
Hemophilia is caused by a recessive gene located on the X chromosome, so women who are heterozygous for this gene have normal blood clotting. In a marriage with a healthy man, a woman passes on the X chromosome with the hemophilia gene to half of her sons. Moreover, the daughters have normal blood clotting, but half of them are carriers of the hemophilia gene, which will affect their male descendants in the future.
“Royal disease” The blood disease, which caused the early death of many heirs of the ruling dynasties of Great Britain, Germany, Spain and Russia, spread among the descendants of the British Queen Victoria, who apparently had a gene mutation. The disease of European monarchs is hemophilia.
Many of the autosomal recessively inherited gene diseases lead to metabolic disorders. The phenotypic manifestation of metabolic diseases is usually associated with the absence or excess of one or another protein - the product of a biochemical reaction. In phenylketonuria (10 cases per 10 thousand people), there is a deficiency of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of the amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine. Phenylalanine accumulates in cells in toxic concentrations, which causes damage to the nervous system and leads to dementia. If timely treatment is not undertaken, patients remain deeply disabled for life.
Children with PKU are born without any signs of the disease. However, already in the second month you can notice some physical signs: lightening of the hair and irises of the eyes. Diet therapy, as the only effective method of treating PKU, should be used from the first months of a child’s life, then brain damage will not develop. Constant medical monitoring of the child’s mental and physical development is necessary. The PKU gene occurs on average 1-2 per 100 people, but the disease can only occur if the mother and father are carriers of this gene, and the child inherits it in double sets. The menu for children with PKU is made up of fruits, starches, fats, with strict consideration of their phenylalanine content.
Chromosomal diseases Unlike gene diseases, they are not characterized by inheritance from previous generations, but by their occurrence as a result of a new mutation. Down's disease is associated with non-disjunction during the division of chromosome 21. As a result of this anomaly, embryonic cells have 47 chromosomes instead of 46. Chromosome - 21 is not double, but triple (trisomy)
Monosomies in most cases lead to the death of the embryo in the first days of development, which manifests itself as spontaneous abortion or miscarriage. However, sometimes an embryo with monosomy is able to survive. In Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome, instead of the XX sex chromosomes inherent in the female body, there is most often one X chromosome (45X0). Patients have a height of less than 150 cm, a shortened lower jaw, a short neck, skin folds running from the head to the shoulders, skeletal abnormalities, reproductive system disorders, and decreased intelligence.
Klinefelter syndrome The phenotype of a man with Klinefelter syndrome (46,XXY) is characterized by underdevelopment of the gonads, disproportionately long limbs and high stature, female-type fat deposition, changes in the organ of vision, and decreased intelligence.
Factors that cause genetic abnormalities in a person Alcoholism of one of the parents Smoking of the expectant mother Taking a large number of medications during pregnancy Significant age of the mother. For parents after 40 years of age, the incidence of sick children increases sharply. Environmental pollution with mutagens (radioactive radiation, chemical pollutants of water, soil, air, pesticides, chemical dyes, varnishes)
Ways to prevent hereditary diseases Ban on consanguineous marriages Ban on the use of alcohol, drugs, smoking Fight for a clean environment, especially against mutagens Medical genetic counseling Prenatal diagnosis of hereditary diseases
presentation medical genetics
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Slide captions:
Medical genetics Prepared by first-year SPPK student Vakhitov Timur 173gr.
● The number of congenital, hereditary diseases and mortality of newborns and young children at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries is steadily growing ● 3–5% of live births are born with congenital malformation ● 20–30% of newborns die as a result of genetic diseases ● 30–50% of children mortality of the postneonatal period is caused by congenital malformation. Reference
CLASSIFICATION OF HEREDITARY DISEASES Diseases due to mutations in germ cells - “gametic” Diseases due to mutations in somatic cells - “somatic” Diseases due to a combination of mutations in germ cells and somatic cells
Lethal diseases
Sublethal diseases
hypogenital diseases
CHROMOSOMAL DISEASES Chromosomal diseases include all conditions characterized by abnormalities in the structure or number of chromosomes visible under a light microscope. At least 7.5% of all human conceptions have such disorders and determine a high frequency of chromosomal aberrations among spontaneous early abortions (60%) and stillbirths (5%). However, among live births this frequency drops to 0.6%. In Fig. sm Patau
CHROMOSOMAL DISEASES All these conditions can be the result of various structural rearrangements of chromosomes (balanced and unbalanced translocations, inversions, deletions) and violations of the number of chromosomes (trisomy, monosomy) with varying frequencies, occurring in newborns. In Fig. Edwards syndrome
DOWN SYNDROME The most commonly diagnosed chromosomal syndrome. As a result of screening programs for pregnant women in the second or first trimester, the incidence of Down syndrome began to decrease.
DELECTION SYNDROME OF THE SHORT ARM OF CHROMOSOME 5 Syndrome 5p-, Lejeune's syndrome, "cry of the cat" syndrome. Population frequency is unknown. In patients with severe mental retardation up to 1%, a 5p- deletion is detected.
MONOGENIC DISEASES Monogenic diseases are characterized by similar characteristics - they are determined by one gene and are inherited according to Mendelian laws. Genes are divided into dominant and recessive and can be localized on autosomes or on sex chromosomes (almost always the X chromosome). According to the type of gene (dominant or recessive) and its location (autosome or X chromosome), there are different types of inheritance.
MONOGENIC DISEASES Phenylketonuria is also called phenyl-alaninemia, phenyl-pyruvic oligophrenia. The disease is a congenital metabolic disorder, characterized by an increase in the level of phenylaline in the blood plasma and is accompanied by mental retardation.
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES Mitochondria, as cytoplasmic organelles, are transmitted from the mother to all offspring (spermatozoa contain almost only nuclear DNA). Mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) is represented by circular molecules with reduced repair processes, which leads to the accumulation of mutations in mt-DNA. Such mutations demonstrate characteristic inheritance from the affected mother to all offspring; the affected father cannot pass the disease on to his children.
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES A classic example of mitochondrial pathology is Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, but modern research shows the involvement of mt-DNA mutations in a wide variety of pathologies - from congenital diseases of the nervous system with a clinical manifestation of convulsive manifestations, cerebrovascular accidents, ataxias, neuropathy and myopathy to the aging process.
DYSMORPHOLOGY A significant part of the pathology of childhood is occupied by congenital defects, that is, diseases caused by impaired development of the embryo or fetus. In this case, the morphology is always disrupted, i.e. the structure or shape of cells, tissues, organs, which is the basis for designating this area of medicine as dysmorphology. The change may occur in one tissue or one organ. Such cases are treated as isolated congenital defects.
DYSMORPHOLOGY They occur most often, the cause of their occurrence is in most cases the interaction of genetic factors and environmental factors, which made it possible to designate them as multifactorial diseases. In cases where multiple lesions occur, we are talking about a special and the most complex area of dysmorphology – multiple congenital developmental defects. The etiology of these lesions is often more definite. They manifest themselves in the form of monogenic and chromosomal mutations or teratogenic effects.
CONGENAL DEVELOPMENTAL DAMAGES Approximately 2–3% of newborns have serious congenital malformations. Embryologically, such defects are classified into three main classes: ● Congenital defects as a result of incomplete morphogenesis; ● Congenital defects as a result of repeated morphogenesis; ● Congenital defects resulting from aberrant morphogenesis.
DEFORMATIONS This type of birth defect is found in approximately 1–2% of newborns. The most common defects are clubfoot, congenital hip dislocation and postural scoliosis. Deformations most often occur in the late fetal period as a result of the influence of three main causes and predisposing factors: ● mechanical causes; ● congenital malformations; ● functional reasons.
DISRUPTIONS The exact frequency of disruptions is unknown; it is detected in 1–2% of newborns. The first researcher to describe this type of pathology in the 1968 monograph “Fetal Malformations Caused by Amnion Rupture During Gestation” was R. Torpin (Cohen M.M., 1997). Disruptions occur as a result of the influence of various causes: vascular factors, anoxia, infections, radiation, teratogens, amniotic cords, mechanical factors.
PRIVATE SYNDROMOLOGY From the point of view of practical neonatology, all syndromic forms of pathology of newborns can be divided into three groups: ● the first group of syndromes - “The possibility of predicting complications of the neonatal period”; ● the second group of syndromes - “Selective screening of clinically undetectable birth defects”; ● third group - “Lethal syndromes”.
BECKWITH–WIDEMANN SYNDROME The diagnosis of this disease should be considered in children with fetal or umbilical hernia, macroglossia, neonatal hypoglycemia and tumors (neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, liver carcinoma). Possible complications in patients with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome : ● probability of neonatal hypoglycemia (60%) with the development of seizures caused by transient hyperinsulinism; ● a high frequency (10–40%) of embryonal tumors, especially in the presence of nephromegaly or somatic asymmetry of the body, requires observation and ultrasound of the kidneys three times a year until the age of three and subsequently 2 times a year until the age of 14 (timely - diagnosis of Wilms tumor).
NOONAN SYNDROME Hereditary autosomal dominant disease. In 50% of cases, molecular genetic verification of PTPN11 gene mutations is possible. Newborns experience growth retardation (length at birth 48 cm or less) with normal body weight. From birth, congenital heart disease (valvular pulmonary artery stenosis, VSD), cryptorchidism in boys in 60% of cases, and combined chest deformity are diagnosed. Various defects in blood coagulation factors (up to 50%) and dysplasia of the lymphatic system are common. Mental retardation occurs in one third of patients.
CHARGE ASSOCIATION CHARGE is a symptom complex of congenital defects of the eyeball (coloboma), heart defects, choanal atresia, hypoplasia of the external genitalia and anomalies of the auricle in children with delayed physical development.
Thank you for your attention!
Slide 1
"Genetics and Medicine"
Danilova Yulia Valerievna, deputy director for educational work, biology teacher, MBOU "Secondary school No. 1" of the municipal formation "Ostrovsky district", the city of Ostrov, Pskov region
Business game grade 10
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Our doctors must know the laws of heredity like ABC. The implementation of the scientific truth about the laws of heredity will help save humanity from many sorrows and grief. I.P. Pavlov
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What hereditary diseases do you know? How does modern society treat people with hereditary diseases?
About 2000 hereditary diseases and deformities are known. Every year in our country about 200 thousand children are born with hereditary diseases.
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Group work
Genetics – get acquainted with hereditary human diseases. Historians – get acquainted with the science of eugenics. Correspondents - to study society's attitude towards people with hereditary diseases. Doctors - study measures to prevent hereditary diseases.
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Hereditary diseases
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Eugenics is the science of human hereditary health and possible methods of actively influencing its evolution.
The goal of eugenics is the improvement of human nature.
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Nazi eugenics programs
Euthanasia program T-4 Destruction of homosexuals. Lebensborn "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" (total destruction) Plan "Ost"
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Human Genome Project
The nucleotide sequence of all human chromosomes has been deciphered.
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Theater of the Innocent, Moscow
Drawings of children suffering from Down syndrome in Lugansk
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Production and integration workshops named after. V.P.Schmitz, Pskov
Center for Curative Pedagogy in Pskov
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Medical genetic counseling
Stage I. Clarification of the diagnosis of the disease stage II. The risk of having a sick child in a family is calculated, stage III. An explanation of the forecast is given.
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Methods of prenatal (prenatal) diagnostics
Ultrasound; Chorionic villus biopsy; Amniocetosis.
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Almost every five years in the world a catalog of hereditary human diseases is published. And every time their list grows. What is this connected with? In Japan, according to existing legislation, a father, when marrying off his daughter, must allocate a plot of land to the young family. To prevent the land from going to strangers, brides and grooms are often selected from among relatives. In such families there is a sharp increase in the frequency of hereditary diseases. Explain what this is connected with? The study of human heredity is difficult. Why? Is it possible to prevent hereditary diseases?
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Make a pedigree of the family. Trace (if possible) the inheritance of any trait. Conduct a pedigree analysis.
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Graphic images
1. http://www.teatrprosto.ru/?page_id=49&album=1&gallery=4 Description is based on the version, dated: February 02, 2012 2. http://clp.pskov.ru/about Description is based on the version, dated: February 02, 2012 3. http://www.cardiosite.ru/articles/img/articles-aritm-06-pic2-big.jpg Description is based on the version dated: February 02, 2012 4. http: //informpskov.ru/society/66958.html Description is based on the version, dated: February 02, 2012 5. http://vitasana.lviv.ua/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/061.jpg Description is based on the version, dated: February 02, 2012 6. http://www.ksv.nnov.ru/gallery/data/3/5_img2.jpg Description is based on the version, dated: February 02, 2012 7. http:/ /ua.teugenics The description is based on the version, dated: February 02, 2012 8. http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/camp_children1.jpg The description is based on the version, dated: February 02, 2012 9. http:/ /sammler.ru/uploads/post-305-1176705170.jpg The description is based on the version dated: February 02, 2012 10. http://static2.aif.ru/public/news/441/8bd9cd1b555599ce968ac1d0842291ae_big.jpg The description is based on versions, dated: February 02, 2012 11. http://www.dislife.ru/upload/userfiles/2009_10_06/190bb288b9c3012437d64ed581a530bd.jpg Description is based on the version, dated: February 02, 2012 12. http://www. mylifeatfullspeed.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/baby-names-mom-and-laughing-baby1.jpg Description based on version dated: February 02, 2012 13. http://medbook.medicina.ru /images/380/132414/r1_21.gif Description based on version dated: February 02, 2012 14. http://www.cdadc.com/ajacobage5lookingveryDownSyndromey.jpg Description based on version dated: February 02, 2012 15 http://schools.keldysh.ru/school1413/pro_2005/z/fem2.jpg Description is based on the version dated: February 02, 2012 16. http://www.imeshchat.net/uploads/spaw/images/ 2008/eugenics.jpg Description based on version dated: February 02, 2012
