Scientific Society of Students "Newton"
Municipal state educational institution "Sargatsky Lyceum"
Bow to the bee, man!
Made by:
Glebov Zakhar
student 4 "A" class
Head:
r. Sargatskoye settlement 2012
1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………… 3 p.
2. The main part:
2.1. Features of the bee ………………………………… 4 pp.
2.2. Features of the structure of the body of a bee ..................................... 4
2.3. Features of the bee family …………………………… ... 5 pp.
2.4. The benefits of bees for humans .............................................. 6 pp.
3. Bees - a riddle for people of many professions .............................. 7 pp.
4. Conclusion ...................................................... 9 p.
5. References ……………………………………………………… 10 pages
6. Applications:
Proverbs about bees ……………………………………… 11 pp.
Riddles about bees ………………………………………… ..13 p.
Poems about bees ...................................................... 15 p.
1. Introduction
When my classmate looked for information for her scientific work on beekeepers on the Internet, she found out that there is a monument to a bee on earth. It interested me. Why was the monument not a beekeeper, but a small bee? What is so special about her? Why did people isolate a bee among all insects?
I thought: “What do I know about bees?” It turned out that not very much: bees are insects that collect nectar. It makes honey. Some bees live in the hives under the supervision of a beekeeper, while others live in the forest. They have a sting, with the help of which they defend themselves from enemies.
I decided to find out why a person decided to bow before a bee. After all, monuments are erected to those whom are respected, whom they are proud of. The monument is a reminder to humanity of something important.
An object: the bees.
Thing: features of the life of bees.
Objective: find out for what merits the bee erected a monument.
Tasks:
· Find and analyze literature on the structure and life of bees.
· Discover:
- Why is she called hardworking?
- Does she have working tools?
- How does a bee live in his family?
- What can a human bee teach?
· Collect proverbs from different nations, riddles and poems about the bee.
· Make a wall newspaper for students.
Hypothesis: bees really have features for which you can put a monument to them.
Research Methods:
- I read books and articles about bees. He collected proverbs, riddles and poems about bees. Talked to beekeepers.
2.1. Features of the bee.
In many literary works, the bee is called "winged toiler", "worker", "hardworking bee." I decided to find out how much the bee works.
It turned out that throughout his life, a bee is never idle and can change several “professions”.
The bee family is divided into two groups: some bustle in the hive (usually young bees), others collect food (middle and older bees, stronger ones). The older the bee becomes, the more responsible she is entrusted with work.
Let us follow the change in the "professions" of a bee throughout its life:
1. The cleaning ladies. The youngest bees (3-4 days old) clean cells for larvae and nectar. I must say that the bees are naturally clean. They keep themselves and their home clean, thus protecting themselves from disease.
2. Teachers. Bees a little older than the “cleaners” take care of the offspring (larvae). Give them milk and heat them.
3. Builders. These bees are 2 weeks from birth. They repair old cells, build new ones, wax cells with larvae and mature honey. Construction bees have additional responsibilities: they take nectar from collecting bees, put it into free honeycombs and process honey. In addition, they compact pollen in the cells, moistening it with honey.
4. The guards. These bees guard the entrance to the hive, do not let pass the alien bees and bees that returned without nectar.
5. Scouts and honey pickers (3 week bees). Their task: to find and collect nectar and pollen.
6. Water-carriers. This business is entrusted to the oldest bees. Far from home, they do not fly away.
A bee family is characterized not only by a clear distribution of labor between bees, but also by the collective performance of work. One group of bees feeds the larvae, the other builds a honeycomb, the third obtains food. After all, one bee, beekeepers say, does not train a lot of honey. Groups consist of peers.
The life span of bees depends on their work. In spring and summer, when insects work a lot, they live 35 days, and in autumn, when there is not so much work as in summer, bees live 40-45 days. Bees born in autumn live 8–9 months.
A bee dies in flight. Until the last moments, she works, works for the good of the family.
2.2. Features of the structure of the body of a bee.
A working bee has many responsibilities for serving its family. She must be able to do many types of work and do it well.
Nature helped the bee a little. For many years, she changed the body of the bee to make it convenient for her to work.
If we start to examine the honey bee from the head, then here we will find 5 eyes. Together with the organs of touch and smell, they enable the working bee to find nectar and pollen.
Proboscis of the bee nature has lengthened a little. Now a bee can extract nectar from almost any flower. In addition, increased honey goiter, in which a bee sucks nectar. It holds as much nectar as the bee weighs. Contributes to this and the structure of the abdomen. It can be extended and extended in width.
Very interesting nature arranged all six legs of the bee. They are not only organs of movement. Bees have a whole set of tools on their feet. Here are the brushes with which the bee collects flower pollen, and the baskets in which it transfers this pollen, and brushes for cleaning the eyes of the same pollen.
Four wings serve the bee not only for flight. Bees use them when it is necessary to refresh the air in the hive and in order to remove excess water from nectar.
The working bee has well developed muscles. She can lift into the air a load twice as heavy as herself. For example, a dead bee from a hive is carried away and thrown away.
For defense or protection of the hive, bees have a formidable weapon - a sting.
I found out the following: the bee's body is designed so that it can cope with its duties - collecting nectar and pollen, transferring them to the hive, guarding the hive, keeping it clean.
2.3. Features of the bee family.
Since the bee has become a companion of man, it has always attracted his attention. Beekeepers say that bees can be watched with great interest from morning to evening and at the same time each time to discover something new that they have not seen and heard.
One of the objects of observation of the beekeeper is a family of bees.
Honey bees do not live alone, like many other insects, but in large families, communities. They are called public insects.
Many millions of years ago, honey bees, scientists believe, did not live in families, but in solitude. Each bee built its own nest, procured food, raised offspring, and wintered alone. Then, with climate change (cooling), the bees began to group, as they could not adapt to the new natural conditions. After all, any work is warmer and stronger. This association was family in nature. Bee children did not leave the parental nest.
The bee family consists of a mother and her children. In a large bee family, there are 70-80 thousand insects. This is about as many as the inhabitants in a small town. In order for such a number of insects to exist, each member of the family must have his own duties and perform certain tasks. The life of all family members depends on each other. The head and heart of the bee family is the womb. Without it, a bee family cannot exist. If there is a uterus in the family, then the bees clearly fulfill their duties, their work is harmonious and organized. But when the uterus dies, the bees become bewildered and helpless. They do not fly after nectar, do not build honeycombs, do not protect the nest from enemies, since they did this with the uterus. There is no order and purity in the hive, and bees run aimlessly on it. After all, the main goal of their work is to raise offspring, and without a uterus this is impossible.
There is equality in the family. Even for the uterus - the head of the family - there is no exception. If she begins to lay fewer eggs, the bees will immediately replace her with a younger, more prolific one.
Bees not only work well, but also help each other. With a hungry bee, anyone shares food, even the last crumbs; the picker with the burden is unloaded; what one began to do, the other will continue, the third bee will finish. If 2-3 bees lingered on a flowering basket of flowers and do not have time to return home for the night, they will try to unite and, clinging to each other and sharing nectar, will awaken until morning. At this moment, it does not even matter to them that they are from different families.
From all of the above, a small conclusion can be made: the bee family is a world of great labor, discipline and mutual assistance.
2.4. The benefits of the bee to humans.
Of all the insects living on Earth, and there are about a million of them, the bee is one of the most useful for humans. She gives him not only healing, nutritious honey, but also many other healthy products.
Not only folk, but also modern medicine uses honey in the treatment of various diseases. It restores and gives strength, helps to accumulate protective means for the body. There are many examples when people who constantly and gradually use honey lived long, were active and did not get sick until old age. In addition, honey is a very pleasant medicine for both children and adults.
In ancient Greece and Rome, honey was considered the gift of heaven, the food of the gods. According to the belief of the Greeks, it brings wisdom to a person, and gives poets and artists inspiration.
If honey is liquid gold, then wax is gold bullion. It is no coincidence that in the distant past he played the role of money, was a measure in trade.
Now wax is used in dentistry (it cleanses the mouth and strengthens the gums). However, wax has found much wider application in the cosmetic industry.
In addition, beeswax is used in more than forty industries. It is also used in aviation, in the textile, metallurgical, leather, chemical, perfumery and other industries.
Beeswax in pharmaceuticals is used to make various ointments. It is also used in handicraft industries (for example, for the manufacture of mastic for parquet, shoe polish).
Even in antiquity, people noticed that wild honey hunters and beekeepers did not suffer from joint diseases and had excellent health. And this, as it turned out, from the fact that they were often stung by bees. Bee venom has proven to be an excellent remedy. It reduces inflammatory processes, helps in the treatment of diseases of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Previously, when a person wanted to wish good health they said: “May the bee sting you!”
Honey, wax, poison - this is not all bee products that people use. Propolis (bee glue), flower pollen and royal jelly are very healing for humans.
Propolis has the ability to kill some harmful microorganisms. It is used to treat wounds, burns, frostbite, is used for pulmonary tuberculosis, tonsillitis, skin diseases, etc. It is also used in the treatment of animals.
Flower pollen is called a miracle product, as it is rich in proteins and vitamins, it contains fats, mineral salts, and growth substances. Doctors recommend pollen for exhaustion and weakness.
And bees are considered assistants to farmers. Pollinating plants, they increase yield. If the bees did not do this, then there would be few plants on Earth, and maybe some would not exist at all. Could then a person get a good harvest of apples, pears, apricots, plums, gooseberries, raspberries. A large role is played by bees in increasing the yield of buckwheat, sunflower, cotton and forage grasses.
Honey bee is a small piece of wildlife. But what great benefit it brought and brings to man: it gave healing products, due to the bee, nature was replenished with new plants, and the planet Earth was enriched with oxygen.
3. Bees are a mystery to people of many professions.
Bees have been studied and continue to be studied by biologists, chemists, doctors, philosophers, writers and poets.
Much has been written about the hardworking bee of serious philosophical treatises, scientific articles and books, poems and fables by poets of different times and peoples. You can learn a lot about bees and their lives from proverbs and riddles.
I tried to make a collection that includes proverbs, riddles and poems about bees. This collection is an appendix to the school poster newspaper “Bow to the bee, man!”
E. Zalyagin
4. Conclusion.
I came to the conclusion that the bee really deserves to be erected a monument. After all, a man has something to learn from her. For example, live in harmony and mutual assistance, be hardworking, disciplined and take care of your future generation. In Egypt, a honey bee is considered a symbol of fidelity, courage, contempt for death. After all, bees, protecting their home, never retreat before danger and do not take flight, no matter how formidable their opponent is.
The bee deserves a low bow for bringing healing products to people and helping humanity turn the Earth into a blooming garden by pollinating plants. Only one bee family has an environmentally friendly effect on the environment with an area of \u200b\u200b250 hectares.
The monument to the bee is already standing in many countries of the world. In Poland, the Beekeeping Museum begins with such a monument. This is a real bee city, it has 140 beehives, the oldest of them is 700 years old. In Canada, the monument to the bee was erected in 1993 in the city of Tisdale (it is also called the Capital of Honey). In the city of Ufa, a bee became a symbol of the celebration of the 450th anniversary of the unity of Bashkiria and Russia, and a monument was erected to it in the central square. Several bee monuments stand in Japan. The Japanese are great admirers, connoisseurs and connoisseurs of beekeeping products.
The bee has earned simple human respect. She really deserves to be the object of worship and admiration.
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Bibliography:
1. Great nature encyclopedia for children. - M.: Grif Fund, Mezhkniga, 1994.
2. Eskov insects. - M.: Knowledge, 1983.
3. Zlotin serve man. - Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1986.
4. Chineri M. Butterflies / M. Chineri; per. from English . - M. ::, 2001.
5. Shabarshov to the beekeeper. - M .: Education, 1983
6. Internet resources:
Annex 1
Proverbs about bees
Hardworking is no one bee.
Little man bee teaches a great mind.
Bees drive without opening his mouth to walk.
A bee stings only a sinner.
The bee sits on every flower, but does not take a diarrhea from any flower.
A tear-stained face and bees sting.
There is no garden without apiary and no fruit without bees.
A garden without bees is like a tree without windows.
There is a bee in the garden - there will be an apple on a branch.
The bee does not work for itself.
Every fly buzzes, but not a bee.
He who is glad to the bee will be rich.
What is the uterus, such is the apiary.
With sedge, the bee does not carry honey.
A bee knows where to take honey.
A swarm does not hold without a uterus.
For a bee, every lesson is easy.
A good person and a bee does not sting.
Mala mala bee, but knows more great things.
It does not feed the bee, but the master's eye.
There is nothing to teach a bee, she herself will teach every man.
Not a bee without a sting, not a rose without thorns.
Come to the bee with gentle words, take care of the bee with good deeds.
The bee is God's messenger.
The bee is working on itself and on people and on God.
Working like a bee.
A bee was born - I understood all science.
A honey bee pays tribute to honey.
Without a uterus, bees are missing babies.
To a good soul, a strange bee is grafted into a swarm.
They like apple for apples, bee for honey.
There will be a bee on a flower - there will be an apple on the table.
You’ll go for a bee - you’ll reach honey
if you follow a bug, you’ll reach a manure.
Not a bee flies from honey, but flies from smoke.
There is no honey without bee stings.
In a strange apiary you will not find bees.
Where there is honey, there are bees.
The snake makes poison from the same flower, the bee makes honey.
People are happy for the fly, the bee is glad for the color.
The ant does not carry the load on its own, but no one thanks him; and the bee wears a spark, but it pleases God and people.
Appendix 2
Riddles
***
She can't sleep in the early morning:
I really want to work
That brought honey
Working ... (bee)
***
Come to our garden.
A plant stands under an apple tree,
There are thousands of workers in it
Scurry from morning to night.
Buzzing, running factory
And fragrant honey gives us! (Hive)
***
Housekeeper
Flies over the lawn
Will clap over a flower
He will share the honey. (Bee)
***
All children want to visit
The sweetest house in the world.
But the hosts are buzzing
Strictly guard the house. (Hive)
***
Black and yellow, striped,
The guys live in the house.
Though they sting hurt
We are pleased with their work. (Bees)
***
She buzzes over a flower
It’s flying so fast to the hive
She gave her honey to her comb
What is her name? ... (Bee)
***
Born in the dark,
And in the fire he dies. (Wax)
***
The damsels are red in the dark dungeon
Without thread, without knitting needles knit. (Bees)
***
Feed me to Ivan
I will make a pan out of you. (Bee family)
***
Born without a father
He cannot live without a mother. (Bee)
***
The house is small, but there are no inhabitants. (Bees in the hive)
***
Neither a girl, nor a widow, nor a married wife,
He leads children, nourishes people, brings gifts to God. (Bee)
Appendix 3
Poems about bees
Sasha Black
About bees
Sweet honey, terribly sweet!
You’ll lick a spoon all at once ...
Sweeter than melons and sweets
Sweeter than dates and figs!
There is a bee house in the garden -
Everybody calls his hive.
- Who lives in it? Sweet gnome?
- Bees, honey, live in it.
There are patterned honeycombs
In the cells - honey, bee labor ...
Cramped, hot ... The darkness of work:
Feet stick, wings are tight ...
There is a queen bee
White eggs lay.
Before her always crowds
Smart nannies round dance ...
In the bustle of indefatigable
Poking around here and there:
Feed her and wash her
Make porridge for the worms.
In front of the hive on the plank
Forever watch on the watch
To bumblebee through the porch
I didn’t climb in a hurry.
And around the fluffy carpet
Fluttering flowers:
Ranunculus, clover, caraway cross-breeding,
Rain of night blindness ...
Bees fly around them all -
Those are good, these are not.
Quickly dive into the cups
And with prey again into the light ...
There will be a day - an old woman will come,
Quietly the hive will go around
Lives on bees with rotten
And transparent honey will take away ...
Enough for everyone - for us and the bees ...
Put on the tongue:
You will suddenly become like a siskin, funny
And healthy, like a goby!
E. Zalyagin
The poem was voiced on the 3rd
congress of Russian beekeepers in 1898.
A bee is a worker, not knowing fatigue,
He painstakingly carries his labor
For the benefit of the general, giving all his strength,
He serves as an example for others and lives.
And between them there is no contention, no contention,
They live a friendly family in harmony,
Without hatred evil, without petty nonsense,
Keeping their good, they take care of each other.
Leading her family, her queen - mother,
And your hive - the fruits of care and labor,
At the risk of life, ready to defend
And they go to the enemy with determination then.
Fragrant sweet honey and wax cooking,
A bee works and serves people
A proud person accepting services,
Has he ever thought what he owes to her?
Here is a newborn: and at his font
A candle in the rays of pure wax burns
Reminding us of our highest goal:
To love both neighbor and God in heaven.
So how can we not love God's creation,
And how can we not devote our cares to her?
That's because we, by our power of knowledge
And they gathered here to discuss all this:
How can I help her and how will we help her
The hard work to bear, for the good of the common life;
For all her good, what can we do to her,
How to ease her and how to help her.
Samuel Marshak
Buzzing over a meadow on a hot day
Swirling bees.
And shaggy bumblebee, and horsefly
And the May bug is heavy.
And at this time above the ground
A bees swarm rushed by.
They fly like bullets.
Bees rushing into the dense forest,
To build a new hive.
A swarm of bees soared onto a maple tree
Hanged in the green more often.
And we take the bag empty
Catch a buzzing swarm.
The guys will carry the bag
As a gift to the beekeeper.
Let the collective farm in store
For us more honey.
Agniya Barto
Bee venom
On Neglinnaya a new home -
There are balconies in the green
Poppies ripen on one
On the other are lemons.
Some have a balcony in spring,
It’s like a hanging garden,
For others, on the contrary,
There is not a garden, but a garden.
And on the third, oddly enough,
A beekeeper breeds a bee.
In the new house - bees!
So the new settlers!
In the morning on Neglinnaya
A swarm of bees rushing
And from there - to the boulevard
Collect nectar from flowers.
A beekeeper breeds bees,
He didn’t take one thing into account.
What are they after all
Pass out all the tenants.
Grandmother carried a pear
Little grandson
Suddenly on the stairs a bee
How to dig into her hand!
And sobbed aloud yesterday
Galya-Komsomol;
The poor thing has a swollen nose:
A bee has bitten!
Everyone screams: “From your bees
There is no peace for people!
We will draw up a protocol,
We will complain! ”
Beekeeper protecting bees
I even gave a lecture.
He said: “Bee venom
Many have been prescribed.
Doctors now say
To bite the sick!
And with bee venom
The sisters go home. ”
If so, said one
A thin citizen, -
If they are so praised -
Let me be stung!
I rarely get sick, -
The neighbor says.
I am afraid of bees like fire
But just in case
Let them sting me too.
So perhaps the best!
All old women say:
-Bite us too!
Maybe bee venom
Makes younger?
The house is a hobby!
New treatment!
The whole house insists on one thing:
-Let the bees bite!
Even we go now
Right after school
To bees for injections.
Boston "href \u003d" / text / category / boston / "rel \u003d" bookmark "\u003e Boston",
Ready for the next flight.
Not for nectar, not for peaceful honey,
Not on forest tender flowers -
Flying to bomb fascist factories
And over the Oder there are long bridges.
Earth trembles with bombing
In the pillars of iron and in the pillars of water,
To make honeycombs swell with light honey,
So that our Russian gardens live.
Pushkin about bees
Cold winds still blow
And do morning frosts.
Just on the spring thaw
The early flowers appeared.
Like from the wondrous kingdom of wax
From honey fragrant cell
The first bee flew out
Flew through the early flowers
Explore red spring:
Soon there will be a guest dear,
Will the meadows turn green soon
Soon, curly birch
Sticky leafs bloom
The fragrant bird cherry blooms.
Timofey Belozyorov
Forest tale
I drowned in fragrant herbs ...
Hands outstretched in silence
Among beetles, among gnats
Lying on the twilight bottom.
Powdered honey pollen
Angrily bees inveterate,
Through the blooming peas
Lying, looking at a white light ...
There is a thorn bush at my feet
Rustling, shaking off the heat,
And clouds of recent sadness
Sailing, playing, above me ...
Then I will go out into the clearing
Bumblebee sleeping asleep,
And if I live tired again,
Will be back
And in the herbs
Drown ...
E. Erato
All gathered their affairs
A bee buzzing and spinning
It’s important that I sat on a flower,
She knows a lot about it,
The essence of her earthly concerns
Sweet and fragrant honey.
A. Marmazov
The bee was good
When she gave us honey.
But earlier, last summer,
So stung at the same time!
L. Slutskaya
Bees in red vests
Again a fun team
Along the flower river
In the morning they sail light.
And will return with booty
In the native hive as usual.
Honey will bring golden
From the river flowered home.
S. Bakhrushina
From flower to flower
A bee flies.
Cooking honey
Always fun.
From dawn to dawn
In the labors and worries
Be a loafer,
She is completely reluctant.
D. Aiza
The scent of flowers is flowing
On a clear summer warm day.
Bees are not sitting in the hives,
Bees are not familiar with laziness.
From flower to flower fly
Honeycombs are filled with honey.
Business buzz
It is heard here and there.
From bee diligence -
Honey useful for colds.
M. Verzhbovskaya
You, of course, well done,
Golden bee
Gather sweet honey
Flying through the flowers.
But I can’t stroke
I'm you for it
Because you sting
Even good kids!
A. Tolstobrova
A bee sat on a flower.
I approached her with a girlfriend,
She asked politely: “Bee,
Have you gained a lot of honey? ”
The bee hummed angrily:
“I have little honey, little, little ...
Do not bother, otherwise I will sting! ”
And we, of course, ran away.
What a greedy bee!
Not a drop of honey has given ...
N. Lysenko
The bee has a lot of worries!
Only in the morning the sun rose
And the bee is already in the works,
Collects juice in flowers!
Collect two baskets
He’ll take him to the hive
And again flies to the meadow
So all day, round and round.
Where to sing like a dragonfly
Egoze dancer!
It’s necessary to pour honey in the honeycomb,
Yes, put it on the shelves!
So the whole summer flies
Amber stocks up honey.
So that in winter you are my friend
I could feast on them!
A. Alferova
I flew over a camomile -
She was playing hide and seek with Olenka ...
Summer, warm, clear day
It was fun together:
And circled and buzzed
Together we ran to the river ...
Olga raced through the dew
I sat on a scythe.
I didn’t interfere, I didn’t spin ...
Sorry - girlfriend got angry:
I started to fight and scream
Golden scythe swing ...
I decided to stomp my feet
And clap my hand for me ...
But I don’t want to fight -
Better to fly away to the hive.
E. Frantsuzova
Busy and daring
Golden Bee
Striped workaholic
Brought a lot of benefit!
Only those who love labor
People call bees
They are set as an example everywhere
And they’re calling me as assistants.
Only morning is coming
Set off
Bee people
Every man is his own pilot.
Here the process is not in vain-
Honey bee collecting
Both flower and mustard,
And anyone who finds it.
Only the linden blossom
Then with her healing honey
For the treatment of colds
Bee will instantly collect!
Their profession is to fly.
Saturate honeycombs with honey
Yes, even a shaggy abdomen
And pollinate plants.
Those who despise labor
Everywhere they call drones
After all, they are like drones in a hive,
They don’t carry honey in honeycombs.
Why did you begin to cry
Exposed Bear?
He launched his paw into the hive.
To eat goodies!
For similar affairs
Stings every bee
Because not this
She brought honey to the honeycombs!
Y. Ponomareva
I caught bees today
Only here that did not take into account
The bee has a serious look
Terrifying buzzing.
There is a sting in her
Her formidable gun.
If anyone hurt her,
I watched inattentively
Fast, accurate and easy
The sting will fire its own.
Now my hand
Turned into a fat man.
Two bees immediately decided
That they hurt their lives
And stung me
Eccentric and simpleton.
I won’t catch more bees,
I’d better wash the dishes
And then I'll go for a walk
Look for white butterflies.
Familiarity of humanity with hymenopteran insects, which have the miraculous ability to create unique honey products, took place long before our era. This is evidenced by many archaeological (fragments of pottery depicting bees, the remains of ancient apiaries, etc.) and ethnographic (folklore of many peoples of the world, the presence of images of striped toilers in ornaments) finds. The benefits of bees have been known to people for a long time. It is not for nothing that our ancestors adopted the ability to use a delicious and medicinal product from honey formidable bears - honey obtained from the nests of wild bees. Thanks to the invention of the frame hive in 1814 by the Russian beekeeper Pyotr Prokopovich, apiaries became a common phenomenon in the national economy.
Collapsible Beehive
Important! Honey is the only natural product that does not have the ability to deteriorate, that is, it can retain its qualities indefinitely.
Beekeeping Stages
Why bees are raised
The taming of representatives of the wild fauna came from the need of mankind for certain benefits. People began to engage in beekeeping purposefully for the consumption of products made by bees. The domestication of hymenopteran insects was first due to the taste properties of the bee product, which was used as food. Later, the use of other bee products began - wax, pollen, propolis and others. At the same time, mankind did not even realize the remaining positive factors of the environmental impact of the activity of bee colonies (for example, pollination of plants, including those whose fruits also went to the table, or maintaining natural balance).
Note! It is the bees that pollinate 35% of all crops existing on the globe.
The fruits of bee
Plant pollination
Even if one of your friends says that they absolutely do not need bees and honey, because they have intolerance or allergies, it will not be difficult to convince them. Even a primary school student will be able to tell what benefits bees bring to mother nature. Two hundred thousand species of plants need pollination by insects, otherwise they would be deprived of the opportunity to create fruits and produce seeds. Cross-pollination of inflorescences by bees enables plants to increase the number of seeds and make the fruits large in size. It is already established that flowering plants and hymenopteran insects cannot live without each other - they mutually complement their existence on our planet. And if we talk about the need for bee families, then pollination of plants brings such great benefits that without it mankind could hardly survive.
Attention! Scientists have estimated that the contribution of striped toilers to the global economy, as plant pollinators, is about $ 160 billion annually.
Products produced by bees
Today, thanks to the latest scientific achievements, people widely use for culinary, medical and cosmetic purposes:
- honey - a source of energy and strength rich in healing qualities;
- perga - collected bees preserved by bees, processed by enzymes, harvested as food for larvae and adult insects;
- propolis (glue, bond) - a resinous substance created from sticky secretions on trees modified by bee enzymes;
- royal jelly - secreted by uterus-nurse for feeding offspring;
- wax - a product secreted from special glands of hymenopteran insects, used for the construction of honeycombs;
- bee pollen - flower pollen collected by bees, after processing with a secret of the salivary glands, turning into granules;
- death - dried corpses of striped toilers, powdered;
- bee venom - a bitter and burning liquid secreted by working bees during a bite;
- zabrus (signet of honey) - wax caps with which bees soak honeycombs with honey.
Because of such a long list of bee products filled with many medicinal substances, mankind has begun to build apiaries and plant bee swarms.
Beekeeping products
Need to know! All beekeeping products are the strongest antibiotics, affecting not all living things, and, most importantly, only harmful bacteria and viruses.
Ecotourism
Nowadays, many people began to prefer to spend a weekend or vacation not in crowded, polluted cities, but in quiet and clean corners of nature. A great place to relax is to stay in the apiary, especially if it is located in the forest or on its outskirts. After all, it is known that bees will live only in good, environmentally friendly places. Why not create a project on ecotourism, both for adults and children, in which you can combine outdoor recreation, work with amazing representatives of the fauna and learn the secrets of making honey.
Business plans
The material interest of beekeepers - the sale of the above listed products of bee activity - has already been mentioned more than once. In addition, you can breed certain breeds of bees - to engage in business plans for the sale of bee larvae, bees, and also swarm families.
Do not forget! Before you engage in the reproduction of a particular breed, you need to take into account all the features of the lifestyle, external characteristics and labor indicators of the bee subspecies.
Bee breeds
Among the huge bee kingdom, numbering about twenty thousand species, which includes many millions of hymenopteran insects, separate groups are distinguished depending on their lifestyle. There are bees living in earthen burrows, there are insects that live between rock cracks and under the bark of trees. Some independently build nests, fashioning them with wax and propolis, others use other people's dwellings - regardless of this, each of the representatives of any breed is worthy of respect. If domestic bees are more familiar to us because of the proximity of residence, then the rest, wild, hymenopteran toilers are no less useful for planet Earth. Here is an incomplete list of bee breeds that are bred in our country:
- Chelyabinsk;
- Vologda;
- Oryol;
- Mordovian;
- Tatar;
- Bashkir;
- Mari;
- Gorno-Altai and others.
Gray caucasian bee
Biological information: the first places in world distribution and the benefits brought to mankind are occupied by Italian, gray Caucasian and Krainsky bee breeds.
Is it possible to sleep on bee hives
Interesting! A lot of information has already been said about the healing qualities of bee products and the role of bees in the natural environment. But there is one more of the positive aspects of the influence of bees on the human body - a dream on bee hives. Yes, yes, you understood correctly - it turns out that one of the unique methods of traditional medicine is spending the night on bee houses.
You can see how an unusual project works in the provided plot:
Joyless facts
Unfortunately, not only ordinary citizens can afford to disrespect hymenopteran insects, but even at the level of government they do not raise questions about reducing the number of bees needed in the country. And you need to beat the bells, and the louder the better.And the project for the conservation of honey insects is more relevant than ever - because today there is a real threat of a reduction in bee colonies. The reasons for this are:
- ill-conceived use of pesticides and pesticides in agriculture, which generously irrigate our fields. Often such chemical products do not charityly affect bees and their offspring;
- not one project created by breeders on new genetically modified products, as well as their efforts to develop new varieties of self-pollinating flowering plants.
Important! If the reduction of bees will continue at a modern pace, then in the near future, the extinction of more than 20 thousand flowering plants is envisaged, which will entail a radical change in ecological landscapes.
Proverbs and sayings about the bee's industriousness
While walking in nature, never tease or touch the little hard-working insects without extra reason - remember, one bee sting ends for her death. Do not forget about the benefits of striped toilers - this is not only honey and other bee products, but also a huge role in the existence of an entire planet.
Even a novice beekeeper will always distinguish the uterus from the working bee. It is absolutely easy to do. This main female in the hive, living much longer than ordinary bees. It is two, and sometimes three times larger in size and, unlike the latter, has a complete reproductive system. The strength of the family directly depends on how fertile it is.
In the hive, it performs one single function - it produces eggs, from which drones and working individuals are then hatched. For only one summer period, she can put them down to 120 - 200 thousand. The uterus of the bee is always in the hive and leaves it only to meet the drones. An interesting fact is that it can retain seminal fluid inside itself for a long period of time, using it gradually to lay more and more eggs.
It is especially productive in the first 2 years of its life. All the time she lays her eggs, a specially appointed retinue takes care of her - working bees. Replacement of uterus is usually done in the third year, however, of course, only if they reduce their productivity. You must first inspect the hive. A young producer lays eggs in all cells in a row. Old or sick misses them. If this is noticed, the manufacturer must be replaced.
The uterus of the bee can lay only two types of eggs - fertilized, from which the working individuals and other uterus are obtained, and unfertilized, from which drones subsequently emerge. Worker bees clean it and feed it with pollen and milk. Approaching the cell, the uterus directs the abdomen into it and lays a small oblong egg. However, it always makes a preliminary inspection - how well the future larva home has been cleaned.
Sometimes it happens that the uterus of a bee, whose photo can be seen below, dies. The beekeeper himself is most often to blame for this. He can crush it when examining the hive or, holding the frame not above it, drop the uterus on the ground, where it dies after a short period of time. In this case, after 6-8 hours, the bees select several larvae and begin to intensively feed them milk. The cells in which they develop, expand and build on.
A queen bee grown in this way is called fistulous. In most cases, such producers are in no way inferior to swarm ones. However, in the event that the bees choose not a one-day, but a three-four-day larva, a poor quality uterus will be obtained from it. The family can suffer greatly from this. Meanwhile, if desired, the hive can be freed from potentially poor-quality queens. To do this, remove all queen cells that were sealed within four days after laying.
The moment of the beginning of the conclusion by the bees of the new producer should be tried not to miss. The fact is that a four-day uterus of a bee will come out faster and immediately destroy all one-day ones. Only in a very strong family will workers not allow her this. In this case, swarming will occur and the worst uterus will fly away with the swarm. The producer flies out of the hive several times until she mates with drones.
This does not happen only if the weather is rainy. With a duration of more than 20 days, the uterus begins to lay only empty eggs. It is not difficult to distinguish the drone cells from the cells of the working bees: their lid is convex. Such a uterus, which is also called a drone, will need to be replaced as soon as possible.
Once, Albert Einstein said that if all the bees once disappear from the face of the Earth, a person will not be able to live on the planet more than four years later. If there are no bees, no one will pollinate the plants, the plants will disappear - the animals for which they served as food will disappear. Without the existence of plants and animals, there is no future for man. Due to the significant importance of pollination literally for every corner of the planet, bees become indispensable organisms, without the existence of which it is impossible to continue life.
It is thanks to the pollination process that plants are able to multiply, bloom and bear fruit. Honey bees are responsible for pollination of more plants on Earth. Scientists have long been saying that the production of at least one third of all food products relies on these small insects.
By hard work, discipline and organization, the bee cannot be compared with any other type of insect. It is not for nothing that such a difficult mission is entrusted to her. Only a bee can pollinate a flower of a plant for 30 minutes.
The list of plants existing on the planet only through the efforts of bees can be continued indefinitely. These are watermelon, walnut, cotton, cucumber, grapes, beets, blueberries, cherries, celery, broccoli, carrots, cabbage, apple, apricot, onions, pears, papaya, strawberries, avocados, coconuts, lemon, lime and mango. Now imagine that you will never try these vegetables and fruits again and find out the price of a bee in food equivalent.
However, bees are not only excellent pollinators, they are also the only species of insects that produce products directly for humans. All of you have probably heard about honey, polka, pollen, propolis and royal jelly. Which are also excellent soft-acting drugs. directly related to health, prosperity and longevity. They carry the power of nature enclosed in their bowels.
Much water has flowed since bee products and bees began to be valued. According to Russian scientists, the greatest number of centenarians are found in the profession of beekeeper. This is the merit of bee venom, which regularly enters the body of the apiary.
Back to pollination. If you want to increase your yield and increase the fertility of garden plants, then you just need to place at least a few hives near your garden site. From all this we can conclude that bees are able not only to heal, but also to feed the humanity of our planet.
As far as science knows, the ancestors of the modern honey bee appeared 50-60 thousand years earlier than the person who quickly tasted the taste of bee honey appeared.
The fossil remains of the first honey bees were found in the Cretaceous strata dating back to 50-130 million years BC. The most ancient find to date is a bee in a drop of amber, found in Burma ( Republic of Myanmar Union), and has an age of about 97-100 million years. This is the oldest bee known to scientists, it is 35-45 million years older than previously found samples.
The history of honey collection is also quite an ancient occupation and goes back thousands of years.
At the dawn of mankind, beekeeping did not exist in the sense that we know it today. There was a collection of wild honey and wild bee nests for humans have always been a welcome find. Collecting honey was quite a risky and dangerous activity, as honey collectors had to climb trees, climb rock crevices, and suffer from bites, for sweet prey. It is known for certain that wild honey was mined in the early Stone Age, and this is about 15 thousand years ago. It is precisely this age that dates the drawing discovered in the Aran Cave, not far from the Spanish city of Valencia.
I tasted the taste of honey, from random finds of dwellings of wild bees, people switched to an organized hunt for honey. This can not be called a full-fledged breeding of bees, but it was already a certain form of human economic activity, and this form can be called a system of "wild" beekeeping.
The first records of organized honey collection appeared about 5 thousand years ago. We are talking about ancient Egyptian papyri, which tells about the nomadic beekeeping of local residents. First, bees in the hives were transported to the headwaters of the Nile River. In ancient Egypt, hives were made of burnt clay, the same ones are found in the Middle East (Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey), or the hives were woven from rods and coated with clay (prototype of Caucasian slippers). The hives were mounted on rafts, which slowly rafted down the Nile. Bees collected nectar from plants along the banks of the river, and then returned to the rafts. The Egyptians appreciated the bees, and shows that the pharaohs, from 3200 BC to Roman time, on the emblems, as well as on their tombs, was a bee. Pharaoh Minos, who united Lower and Upper Egypt, chose a bee as the emblem of Lower Egypt. The Egyptians on their petitions to the pharaoh painted a bee as a symbol of devotion. They saw in the bees a pattern of selflessness, fearlessness, contempt for death, danger, as well as guardians of perfect purity and order. Egyptian pharaohs held the title of "Lord of the bees." According to the beliefs of the Egyptians, the soul, leaving the body, turns into a bee. Ancient Egyptian pyramids and obelisks confirm that the Egyptians consumed honey not only as food, but also as a therapeutic, cosmetic and preservative. From Egyptian mythology it is known that honey and wax were widely used in ceremonial sacrifices and embalming corpses.
Beekeeping was also widely developed in India 4,000 years ago. A variety of nutritional and medicinal properties were attributed to honey. The Indians used it as an antidote for poisoning with plant, animal and mineral poisons. Experience has been passed down from generation to generation, from century to century. Beekeeping among the Indians has become a tradition.
In Assyria (2950 - 2050 BC), beekeeping was in bloom. Wax was also known then. At the time of Saragont and after his death, the bodies of the dead were smeared with honey and covered with wax.
In Palestine in the third millennium BC beekeeping was developed quite strongly, since many bee swarms inhabited the rocks. On hot summer days, honey and wax flowed over the rocks, so Palestine was called "the land where honey and milk flow." The Greek traveler Strabo (63 - 26 BC) reports on the large production and consumption of honey in Arabia. Arabs considered honey to be God's gift and called it an elixir.
The Chinese also knew bees and they were engaged in beekeeping with great love. Honey by their medicine was recommended as an independent therapeutic agent.
Beekeeping was also highly developed in ancient Greece. As in Egypt, the ancient Greeks widely used the transportation of bees to honey collection. The Greeks transported bees to the peninsula of Attica, rich in honey plants, and to the islands of the Aegean Sea. Moreover, the rules of nomadism were regulated by state laws of that time. The laws of Solon indicated at what distance apiaries who left for roaming should be placed. In Greece, the first knowledge about the life of bees and their breeding took shape. Many luminaries of ancient Greek culture give information about the state of beekeeping in their country, as well as about the nutritional and medicinal properties of bee honey.
For example, Hippocrates (460 - 356 BC), in addition to writing medical treatises, wrote about the life of bees, the nutritional and medicinal qualities of beekeeping products. In his writings, the decontaminating, expectorant and prolonging the life of people action of honey is mentioned. He recommended honey in the treatment of diseases of the stomach, liver and purulent wounds. The Greek scholar Xenophon (444 - 356 BC) wrote a multi-volume work, Anabasis. He first described the life of a bee hive, and also outlined the healing properties of honey. Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) laid the foundation for scientific beekeeping, continuing the research of Xenophon. He distinguished between three bees, described in detail wax structures, the development of bees from an egg to an adult insect. In his works, the life of the bees and the distribution of labor in the bee family were described in detail, there were references to the foulbrood and other natural enemies of the bees.
Beekeeping was well developed in the Roman Empire. The Roman scientist Varon (116 - 27 BC) in his work “On Agriculture” devoted much attention to the development of beekeeping, breeding of bees, hives, and beekeeping products. The Roman poet Virgil (70-19 BC), who was also a beekeeper, glorifies in his works the great love of his contemporaries for bees and honey. Pliny (23-79) writes about the heyday of beekeeping in the Roman Empire. The Romans knew not only the nutritional and medicinal properties, but also the preservative properties of honey. The famous Greek scientist and physician Dioscorides (1st century AD) in his work “Materiamedica” notes his successful use of honey in the treatment of stomach diseases, purulent wounds and fistulas.
Beekeeping in Russia.
Beekeeping was also developed by the ancient Slavs. The Slavs kept bees on the sides - hollows of trees, natural or artificially created, inside of which were located two poles arranged crosswise for attaching honeycombs. Hence the name came - Bortnichestvo.
The spread of pilgrimage in Russia was noted in the X - XVII centuries, this was facilitated by the vast expanses of deciduous forests and pastures, they were called side walk. Volumes of wax and honey were large enough for that time. Even in the XI century, a certain traveler Gall, wrote in his notes that in Russia there are a great many beekeepers, bees and boards, as well as an abundance of honey and wax. It was from onboard beekeeping that attempts were made to preserve bee families. Beekeeper-beekeepers began to leave part of the honey for the winter in the hives to feed the bees, guarded the sides from bears, martens and other enemies.
Along with Bortnichestvo, Deck beekeeping appeared in the 17th century. The name of such beekeeping is due to the use of decks - parts of a tree trunk with a fully cut core, closed with lids at the top and bottom, and having a bee for the bees. The reason for the complete transition to Kolodny beekeeping was the massive deforestation during the reign of Peter I. Beekeepers, in order to save bee colonies, began to place decks near their dwellings.
One of the main advantages of keeping bees in decks is the proximity of the bees to natural conditions.
Depending on the conditions for collecting honey in a particular area, the deck contained four or five tiers. A box with the embryos of honeycombs was placed on the deck. During the honey collection, the bees built up the deck with honeycombs and filled with honey.
Decks could be composite. They were cut into pieces and put on each other as families grew. Honey was collected from the top extensions without killing the bees, and the nest was located at the bottom. With abundant honey collection, the decks were increased with additional extensions, which made it possible to get more honey.
Farming beekeeping received its peak of development by the beginning of the 18th century. At that time, almost all apiaries were subordinate to the church and landowners. Almost 400 thousand tons of honey was extracted annually. Honey has become a real symbol of Russian hospitality and tea drinking.
A great contribution to the development of modern beekeeping was made by the Russian beekeeper P.I. Prokopovich (1775 - 1850) who in 1814 created a dismantling frame beehive. The American beekeeper Larenzo Loren Langstrot from Philadelphia invented in 1851 the first hive with moving frames, which remains in our time as it was a hundred years ago. Beekeeping on a global scale has now achieved remarkable success, thanks to the rapid pace of development of science. It is proved that beekeeping is of great economic importance for the development of gardening and horticulture. Thanks to pollination occurring with the help of bees, ten times higher yields and better products are provided.
To date, great importance has been proven on the human body, and (bee glue) and - for various industries. Bee honey, in which the bee has preserved the youth of nature, reveals its life-giving qualities, and medication is included in medicine.
