In different concepts and branches of psychology, there are different classifications and typologies of thinking. It is believed that there are as many types of thinking as there are people. It is in the thinking of a person that the main feature of his personality and individuality is manifested. However, any variety can be classified in a certain way. In psychology, the following classification of types of thinking is most accepted and widespread:
Visual-Action Thinking - the most elementary type of thinking that arises in practice and is the basis for the formation of more complex types of thinking. It relies on the direct perception of objects in the process of actions with them.
Visual-figurative thinking- a type of thinking, characterized by reliance on ideas and images. The mastery of visual-figurative representations expands the sphere of action of practical thinking. In its simplest form, visual-figurative thinking occurs in preschoolers, i.e. at the age of 4-7 years. Preschoolers think only in visual images and do not yet know concepts (in the strict sense).
Verbal and logical thinking - a kind of thinking carried out using logical operations with concepts. The development of verbal-logical thinking rebuilds and orders the world of figurative representations and practical actions.
Abstract-logical (abstract) thinking- a type of thinking based on highlighting the essential properties and connections of an object and abstraction from others, insignificant.
Visual-effective, visual-figurative, verbal-logical and abstract-logical thinking are successive stages in the development of thinking in phylogenesis and in ontogenesis. Currently, psychology has convincingly shown that these four types of thinking coexist in an adult and function in solving various problems. All types of thinking are closely interconnected.
By the nature of the tasks being solved, there are :
Theoretical thinking - thinking on the basis of theoretical reasoning and inferences. Theoretical thinking is the knowledge of laws and rules.
Practical thinking - on the basis of judgments and conclusions based on solving practical problems. The main task of PM is setting a goal, creating a plan, project, scheme. P.M. was studied by B.M. Teplov. He found that the peculiarity of P.M. is that in practical situations, the possibilities for testing hypotheses are very limited. All this is done by P.M. more complex than theoretical thinking.
According to the degree of development of thinking in time, they are distinguished:
Discursive (analytical) thinking- thinking, mediated by the logic of reasoning, not perception. Analytical thinking is deployed in time, has clearly defined stages, is presented in the consciousness of the thinking person himself.
Intuitive thinking - thinking on the basis of sensory perceptions and reflection of the effects of objects and phenomena of the objective world. It is characterized by the rapidity of its course, the absence of clearly defined stages, and is minimally conscious.
According to the degree of novelty and originality, they are distinguished:
Reproductive thinking - thinking on the basis of images and ideas gleaned from some specific sources.
Productive thinking - thinking based on creative imagination.
By the type of cognition, there are:
Theoretical thinking - thinking aimed at understanding the internal content and essence of complex system objects. The main mental action is analysis.
Empirical thinking - thinking aimed at cognizing the external manifestations of the objects and phenomena in question. The main operations of empirical thinking are comparison and classification.
By functional purpose, they are distinguished:
Critical thinking- aims to identify deficiencies in the judgments of other people.
Creative thinking connected with the discovery of fundamentally new knowledge, and not with the assessment of other people's thoughts.
By the types of content of the means of thinking used:
Visual thinking - thinking based on images and representations of objects.
Verbal thinking –Operating with abstract sign structures.
Also in psychological science, there are such logical forms:
Concept - this is a reflection in the human mind of the general properties of an object or phenomenon. The concept acts both as a form of thinking, and as a special mental action. Behind each concept is hidden a special objective action. Concepts can be general and singular, concrete and abstract, empirical and theoretical.
Judgment - the main form of thinking, in the process of which the connections between objects and phenomena of reality are affirmed or reflected. For example, when we say: "The Earth revolves around the Sun", we thereby assert the presence of a certain objective connection in space between two celestial bodies. Judgments can be true and false, general, particular and individual
Inference is the derivation of a new judgment from one or more judgments. Distinguish inferences inductive, deductive, by analogy
Before starting your own business, it is necessary to analyze the various types of business, their characteristics and connections with each other. It is important to determine which area will be the most profitable and promising. You should also take into account your own skills and preferences.
Various types of business activities
The whole variety of types of business can be conditionally classified in the following areas:
Depending on the organizational and legal form, the following companies are distinguished:
If we talk directly about the activity, then much will depend on the amount of capital, imagination and the level of demand. With the advent of the Internet, the opportunities for starting a business have significantly expanded. The most popular ones are:
Features of production activities
If you want to name different types of business and how they are interrelated, it is worth starting with production activities. This line of business involves the manufacture of various types of products for subsequent sale. This includes the production of clothing and footwear, food products, construction materials, medicines and much more.
Companies of various sizes can be involved in production activities, even those employing several dozen people. However, opening such a business requires a significant investment. They will be required for the purchase of equipment, raw materials, rental of premises, etc.
The weak side of the manufacturing business lies in the fact that its payback period is quite long. The main mistake aspiring entrepreneurs make is seeking to improve profitability by reducing quality. Consumers of the services soon become frustrated and stop using them.
In the absence of experience, it is quite difficult to conduct production activities. It is important to develop a detailed business plan, analyze the market in this area, assess the existing demand for products, the level of competition, and also correctly assess the risks. If you lack experience, you can start working on a franchise.
Trading activities
Considering different types of business, how they are interrelated, it is important to pay attention to commercial activities. It has many of the virtues that attract aspiring businessmen. In this case, you need to choose whether the commerce will be retail or wholesale, as well as determine the scope of services.
An important advantage of commercial activity is the relatively low entry threshold. The same is true in the area of \u200b\u200bservice delivery. For example, you can open a cleaning organization. Alternatively, you can run a fitness club or beauty salon. The weak side of this direction is the increased competition. From the very beginning, it is necessary to research the sales market and the magnitude of demand.
Various types of business for trade and production are directly related to each other, they do not exist separately. Manufacturers do not have the opportunity to create a wide distribution network, and organizations that conduct commercial activities do not master the manufacture of products.
Providing financial services
The representatives of the companies specializing in financial services are insurers, banking and microfinance organizations. Their activities are associated with increased risks. In the financial sector, not everyone has the opportunity to build a profitable company.
A feature of financial activity is a huge amount of investments, however, the opportunities to make a good profit are also high. This line of business is not suitable for the vast majority of aspiring businessmen.
Consulting and consulting
This type of business is relatively new. Most often, it involves the provision of services in areas such as business verification, audit, legal advice. When planning this direction, you need to assess your abilities as accurately as possible. You should be an expert in your chosen field. If knowledge is not enough, it is better to refuse to start a business.
To be successful, you need to do more than just invest money and wait for it to make a profit. It is necessary to get acquainted with various types of business, find out how they are interrelated. Only in this case you can successfully develop your business. On the page you can learn a lot about your own business. Excellent and other destinations. Read about all this on the pages of our portal!
Business is an entrepreneurial activity aimed at generating regular income.
A business can be profitable or unprofitable, it allows you to use hired labor or do business independently, be carried out at the expense of your own or borrowed funds, but it must be based on the goal of making a profit (or other forms of income).
At its core, this is a "case" within the framework of various organizational and legal forms, which covers production, sales, services and other activities. Under the terms of management, there are:
- small;
- average;
- big business.
Small business
The most popular type of business targeted at the average person is small business (small business). It is the most widespread, but with a low specific weight on the market. Small business covers certain types of production, scientific, technical and agricultural enterprises, construction, the sphere of consumer services, trade. Each country has individual indicators of the limited number of employees and the legal framework for business. Examples of small businesses are hairdressing salons, shops, legal agencies and others. In the field of lending, entrepreneurs can rely on certain amounts, limited by a specific program. With regard to property, small business has no liquid capital investment, so selling it is rather difficult.Benefits
Small business is a structural element of the economy. With its help, from the perspective of the state, it is carried out:- weakening of the monopoly of large corporations;
- prompt filling of the market with goods and services;
- creation of a significant number of jobs;
- development of healthy competition that creates motivation for the use of scientific knowledge and the introduction of advanced technologies;
- creation of prerequisites for accelerating economic growth of the region (country);
- filling local (state) budgets.
Medium business
This type of business, like small business, most often does not have access to international markets and operates on the domestic one. He is the link between big business, small business and consumer.The niche of this segment is characterized by:
- a significant share in the country's economy;
- the introduction of innovations that ensure a qualitative increase in the effectiveness of processes demanded by the market;
- scale;
- flexibility;
- healthy competition, which gives the potential for development, efficiency and sustainability of the country's economy.
In an average business, management is included in the economic process, which allows using a set of methods, means and methods of management to achieve the positive development of the company (enterprise). Increased attention is paid to the quality of the product or service. When lending a business, an individual approach is used.
Big business
These are companies operating in international markets. They locate their enterprises in various countries, using the potential of the world economy. Large businesses are large enterprises that:- produce the bulk of the product;
- employ a huge working staff;
- export goods, make a financial injection into the country's economy;
- invest money in business development;
- develop new technologies;
- are the main payers to the state budget.
Question 1. What are the goals and sources of wealth? What and how to produce profitably? How to get profit?
Sources of wealth are: business ownership; real estate and other tangible assets; capital; securities; patents, copyrights.
That is, the sources of income of rich people, their sources of wealth are their assets. Not labor, as is the case with poor people, but assets. Both monetary and material. And these assets generate passive income for rich people. Sources of wealth always provide for passive income. However, in order to create such a source, personal capital is needed, which, in turn, can only be earned through active labor.
Active profit goes to the business owner with his direct participation in the development of the business system. That is, if the owner of the enterprise ceases to operate, the company will stop and cease to generate income. As a rule, active profit is the initial stage in the transition to the second type - passive profit.
Passive profit comes to a person without his personal participation in office work. For example, you create a financial asset that starts making you money on an ongoing basis. You can leave your business for an indefinite period of time, and then find it in its former prosperous state. The simplest illustration of the passive type of profit is real estate entrepreneurship: you buy an apartment and rent it out. You can absolutely not change anything in the purchased property, but it will constantly give money.
Question 2. Do you think any "money making" can be considered a business?
The expression "doing business" - "making money" is very common. Naturally, not all "making" money can be considered a business. Enrichment based on deception or related to violation of the law has a different name and is a criminal offense. Besides, not everyone who makes money is a businessman.
Business is an honest way to make money. A person who is in business is a businessman, entrepreneur, business person. Initiative, courage, independence, the ability to take risks, knowledge of economic laws - these are the qualities that every business person who does business should possess.
Question 3. What can contribute to entrepreneurial success? What qualities of Sytin are also important for a modern entrepreneur?
Leadership and analytical qualities. It is necessary to analyze in advance the market of the area in which you are going to do business, and draw up a business plan. Such qualities of Sytin are important as independence and responsibility, prudence, efficiency and many other qualities.
Question 4. Think about how the profit of a financial businessman arises. What do the expressions "put money into circulation", "give money into growth" mean?
Put into circulation - On the circulation of funds and goods, commercial and industrial operations for the purpose of reproduction, profit.
To lend money in growth - to lend money, for example, $ 1000, and to get back (for borrowing someone) is no longer $ 1000, but $ 1010 after a while. This is the last way bankers make money.
Question 5. Why do people do business?
Business is characterized by a variety of relationships - between producers and consumers of goods, business owners and employees, firms and the state. The terms of interaction, the rights and responsibilities of business participants are governed by contracts, laws and are determined by business ethics. In honest business, the parties agree on the rules of conduct and try to comply with them, and entrepreneurial success is associated primarily with moral and ethical, and only then financial moments (“... I am the only manufacturer of such a product” or “... no one believed that I can set up this production ”).
Business is attractive not only because of the possibility of personal gain. In entrepreneurship, such valuable personality traits are formed as independence and responsibility, prudence, efficiency, the ability to correlate their desires with the desires of other people, goals with the means of achievement.
Having started his own business, a person gets a chance to build it from the very beginning, become financially independent, independently manage his own destiny, and bring real benefits to society.
However, real relationships in this area are often far from ideal. In practice, one has to deal with the desire of businessmen for easy money, dishonesty, and indifference to public interests. But life shows that businessmen who do not have knowledge and experience, neglecting entrepreneurial ethics, are ousted by professional entrepreneurs who competently and honestly conduct business for the benefit of themselves and for society as a whole.
Question 6. What is the role of entrepreneurship in economic development?
Entrepreneurship plays an important role in the economy, it is closely related to the solution of its main tasks. Everything that the entrepreneur produces (goods, services) is inextricably linked with the life of people, is intended for consumption by society. Therefore, it is important that the state and society as a whole help business, create conditions for its development.
Question 7. Name the different types of business. How are they related?
The activities of entrepreneurs differ in their content. The following types of business can be distinguished: manufacturing, trade, financial, insurance, intermediary. Let's consider the most common ones.
The basis of industrial entrepreneurship is the manufacture of various economic products needed by consumers. A manufacturer needs to know a lot and be able to organize efficient production. He, as a rule, requires a lot of effort to achieve success. But, despite all the difficulties, it is this type of entrepreneurship that is very important for the economy and society as a whole.
The history of the development of entrepreneurship testifies to the connection between industrial and commercial business. For example, from time immemorial, products made by artisans were marketed.
The basis of trade entrepreneurship is the purchase and sale of goods. Profit is generated according to the scheme you are already familiar with as the difference between revenue and costs. Costs include salaries for sellers, delivery and storage of goods, maintenance of a retail space, etc. The merchant acts according to the rule: bought at a lower price - sold at a higher price.
A special type of business is financial entrepreneurship. An example is an entrepreneur lending money for a certain fee. This activity has deep historical roots (remember the activity of usurers known since the times of Ancient Greece).
All types of business are closely related: production is followed by commercial entrepreneurship, both require money and are thus associated with financial entrepreneurship. Often, one entrepreneur is a participant in all three types of business, which undoubtedly affects the results of his activities.
Question 8. How to make a business successful and make a profit?
An example of a successful combination in entrepreneurship of its main types is the activities of the Italian Medici family. Members of this family in the 15th century. in Florence, they organized the production of cloth, mining, launched trade and operations with money (they offered people of average income cheap loans). They did not just accumulate money, but found them versatile application (made generous orders to architects, painters)
Question 9. In what forms can a business be organized?
We can talk not only about the types, but also about the forms of business, which differ in the ways of organization, the ownership of the resources used (for example, public or private), the number of participants. The variety of forms of business depends on whether the entrepreneur works independently or merges with other entrepreneurs, uses only his own property or also attracts the property of others, uses his own labor or the labor of hired workers. The following forms of business organization are widespread: individual enterprise, partnership and joint-stock company.
A sole proprietorship is an enterprise owned and operated by one person (he is the only owner, but has the right to hire other employees). Because of its ease of creation and management, this is the most common form of business. However, the entrepreneur is personally responsible for the success or failure of the venture and is limited in the possibilities of increasing funds.
A partnership is a voluntary association of two or more people to organize their own business. The participants combine their assets, abilities and, by managing the enterprise, are collectively responsible for the results of its activities.
Joint-stock company - an enterprise owned by shareholders. It is the largest enterprise in terms of the number of participants and the size of the combined monetary resources. It is the most expensive and difficult to organize, but it has great opportunities for increasing money and expanding the scope of activities.
Question 10. Select examples of enterprises engaged in various types of entrepreneurial activity based on materials from newspapers, magazines, the Internet.
Gazprom - production and trading of gas and oil.
VAZ - manufacture and sale of cars.
Question 11. Complete the sentence: "An enterprise created by combining the own funds of several participants for the sake of joint business is called ...".
This is a partnership, it can be full and limited.
Question 12. What type of business do the listed activities refer to: transportation of goods, provision of a loan, purchase of a batch of computers, publication of newspapers and magazines, delivery of fruits to a store, warranty repair of a washing machine, sale of vegetables grown with your own hands? Format the answer in the form of a table. Supplement the table with your own examples of different types of entrepreneurial activity.
Issue of newspapers and magazines - production; sale of vegetables grown on their own land - commercial; loan provision - financial; warranty repair of the washing machine - insurance; purchase of a batch of computers, transportation of goods, delivery of fruits to the store - intermediary.
Question 13. In your city (village) there are business people who have not only achieved personal success, but also help its economic development. Prepare a story about them.
Mikhail Valerievich Yurevich (February 13, 1969, Chelyabinsk) - Russian politician and entrepreneur. Deputy of the State Duma of Russia of the III and IV convocations. From 2005 to April 2010 - the head of the city of Chelyabinsk. From April 22, 2010 to January 15, 2014 - Governor of the Chelyabinsk Region.
Graduated from the Civil Engineering Faculty of the Chelyabinsk State Technical University with a degree in civil engineer (1992).
While still a student, he organized the Temp company, which was engaged in the wholesale of food products. In 1993 he became the director of "Khlebokombinat No. 1". He carried out the reconstruction and modernization of production, organized a trade network. Created an association of enterprises "Agro-industrial association" Makfa "". In 1997 he was recognized as "Person of the Year" as the best organizer of industrial production in the city of Chelyabinsk. In 1995-2000 - Chairman of the Boards of Directors of Makfa JSC, an agro-industrial holding, which included the Makfa factory, Khlebokombinat No. 1, Sosnovskiy Khleboproduktov Kombinat, ATP Temp-Avtotekh and other enterprises.
Question 14. This is how the famous American businessman John Rockefeller admonished young people in the book "The Art of Getting Rich": "When choosing a vocation in practice, provide a solution to your need for the first thought: where can I settle down so that I can most actively use my strength for the benefit of society? Where will my work be more effective in the interests of the same society? With these thoughts enter into practical life, and your first steps in it will be the first steps towards success! .. That person has the right to count on the greatest success in life, who has shown the greatest merits to the world. Commercial enterprises serving the mass will always generate income; enterprises that are useless do not and cannot be successful. " Can we agree with the author that the absence of selfish goals paves the way for success? Explain your answer.
The absence of selfish goals certainly affects the path to success. In the absence of greed, a person chooses the direction that people most need, the most in demand, therefore, he himself unwittingly chooses the more profitable part of society, benefiting society and, as a bonus, increased income due to the increased demand for this type of service.
Answers:
The activities of entrepreneurs differ in their content. The following types of business can be distinguished: manufacturing, trade, financial, insurance, intermediary. Let's consider the most common ones. The basis of industrial entrepreneurship is the manufacture of various economic products needed by consumers. A manufacturer needs to know a lot and be able to organize efficient production. He, as a rule, requires a lot of effort to achieve success. But, despite all the difficulties, it is this type of entrepreneurship that is very important for the economy and society as a whole. The history of the development of entrepreneurship testifies to the connection between industrial and commercial business. For example, from time immemorial, products made by artisans were marketed. The basis of trade entrepreneurship is the purchase and sale of goods. Profit is generated according to the pattern you are already familiar with as the difference between revenue and costs. Costs include salaries for sellers, delivery and storage of goods, maintenance of a retail space, etc. The merchant acts according to the rule: bought at a lower price - sold at a higher price. A special type of business is financial entrepreneurship. An example is an entrepreneur lending money for a certain fee. This activity has deep historical roots (remember the activity of usurers known since the times of Ancient Greece). All types of business are closely related: production is followed by commercial entrepreneurship, both require money and are thus associated with financial entrepreneurship. Often, one entrepreneur is a participant in all three types of business, which undoubtedly affects the results of his activities.
