(military-colonial movement of Western European feudal lords into the countries
Eastern Mediterranean 1097-1270)
Pope Urban II calls for a campaign.
Miniature from the 15th century.
Calls from the Pope
November 27, 1095 open area French city Thousands of excited knights, peasants, and pilgrims gathered in Clermont. Many came from afar specifically to hear the sermon of Pope Urban II. His throne, installed on a hill in the middle of the square, attracted the attention of the crowd. “Let him who wishes to save his soul not hesitate to enter humbly onto the path of the Lord; and if he lacks money, then Divine mercy will give him enough. Whoever is sad and poor here will be rich there; whoever is an enemy of God here will become His friend there.”
(from a speech by Pope Urban II)
I Crusade
I Crusade (1096-1099)
(knights from France, Germany, Italy)
1097 - the city of Nicaea was liberated;
1098 - captured the city of Edessa;
1099 - Jerusalem was captured by storm.
The state of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Edessa, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem were created.
Constant military force, protecting the Holy Land, became the spiritual knightly orders:
1. Order of the Hospitallers (Knights of the Maltese Cross)
2. Order of the Templars (templars)
3. Teutonic Order
II Crusade (1147-1149)
In 1144, the emir of Mosul took Edessa from the crusaders.
The campaign was led by Louis VII of France and
German Emperor Conrad III.
A complete failure for the crusaders.
III Crusade (1189-1192)
The creation by Muslims of a strong state led by the Egyptian Sultan Saladin. He defeated the Crusaders near Lake Tiberias, then expelled them from Jerusalem in 1187.
The goal of the campaign: to return Jerusalem.
It was headed by three sovereigns: the German Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, the French King Philip II Augustus and the English King Richard the Lionheart.
The campaign was not successful.
IV Crusade (1202-1204)
Organizer: Pope Innocent III.
The brutal sack of Christian Constantinople.
Collapse of the Byzantine Empire:
Greek states –
Kingdom of Epirus, Nicaea and Trebizond Empires.
The Crusaders created the Latin Empire.
Children's campaign (1212)
Thousands of children from the Rhineland in Germany rushed south, crossed the Alps and reached Genoa. From here they scattered in different directions, some moved to the south of Italy, others moved to Marseille. Along the way, many died from hunger, heat and thirst. Those who remained stubbornly walked forward towards the Mediterranean Sea. They managed to reach French and Italian ports.
A sad fate awaited the children. The crafty shipmen promised to take them to the Holy Land. Some shipwrecked, the rest landed on the shores North Africa. Here the surviving participants of the campaign were sold into slavery.
The most tragic trip: thousands of children died or were sold into slavery.
VIII Crusade (1270)
The number of campaigns grew, but they attracted fewer and fewer participants. And most importantly, the deep spiritual uplift that possessed the first crusaders disappeared almost without a trace. No, there were, of course, those who accepted the cross and sacrificed their lives for the cause of faith. Such, for example, is the leader of the last two campaigns, the French king Louis IX the Saint. But even the knights responded coolly to the pope’s calls. The day came when it was said with disappointment and bitterness: “The hour has come for us - to follow the army - to leave the Holy Land!” In 1291, the last Crusader fortress in the East fell.
This was the end of the era of the Crusades.
Consequences of the Crusades
Collapse of the Byzantine Empire.
Introduction to Eastern culture - technical inventions (windmills), features of everyday life (hot baths), growing crops (rice, buckwheat, lemons, apricots, watermelons).
Development of trade: strengthening the position of European merchants in the Mediterranean.
Choose the correct answer - Knights belonged to... Heretics were opponents The Church punished heretics Mendicant monastic order were 1st estate 2nd estate 3rd estate Official church Royalty Divisions of churches Fines Excommunication Hard labor Swordbearers Franciscans Crusaders
1. The beginning of the Crusades. In 1095, the Pope spoke in Clermont. He called for going to the East to liberate the Holy Sepulcher from the hands of the infidels. Participants in the campaign received absolution. The path of the knights, dressed in cloaks with crosses, lay to Palestine, where Jesus Christ was buried in Jerusalem. Ecumenical Council of 1095
In the 11th century, Europe was experiencing famine and epidemics. The peasants did not go to Palestine, wanting to get rid of their owners. Landless knights were interested in eastern goods and dreamed of robbing rich cities. The clergy wanted to extend their power to the East. current. 2. Hiking participants. Crusades.
In the spring of 1096, poor people led by knights set out on a campaign. They were poorly armed and had no food supplies. With heavy losses they reached Constantinople and committed robbery there. The emperor sent them to Asia Minor, where they were killed by the Seljuk Turks. 3. The march of the poor. Poor people on the move.
In the autumn of 1096, detachments of knights set off from France and Germany to the East. Having united in Constantinople, they soon defeated the Turks and began to plunder the cities. Many knights remained in the conquered lands. In 1099, the knights approached Jerusalem and, after a month-long siege, took the city. 4.Campaign of the feudal lords. The sack of Jerusalem. Medieval miniature.
Crusader states were formed on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. In the Kingdom of Jerusalem, knights enslaved both Muslims and Christians. The church owned extensive estates here. The population paid taxes to the king and tithes to the church. 5. Crusader states. The center of the kingdom became the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The knights served to protect this huge structure, which was of great importance for all Christians. Several dozen monasteries, bishoprics and abbeys were created around Jerusalem.
To defend their possessions, the crusaders began to create the orders of the Templars, Hospitallers, and Teutons. The Templars (templars) had a residence on the site of the destroyed Jewish temple. The Hospitallers opened hospitals for pilgrims. At the head of the order were the Grand Masters. 6. Spiritual-knightly orders Secular entertainment was prohibited for members of these orders. The orders received benefits from the popes - they did not pay tithes, received justice only from the popes, and collected generous donations. The orders quickly strengthened and began to wage war with neighboring states and with each other. Knight Templar and Knight Hospitaller.
- Lesson Plan
- Call for Crusades
- Crusade of the Poor
- Feudal Crusade
- Spiritual knightly orders
- The struggle of the peoples of the Middle East against the crusaders
- Third Crusade
- Fourth Crusade
- End of the Crusades
- 1. Call for Crusades
- In 1095, Pope Urban II, in his speech to a huge crowd of people near the city Clermont called on Christians to “gird themselves with the sword” and move to Palestine in order to free the Holy Sepulcher in the city of Jerusalem from Muslims.
- Urban II calls for the liberation of the Holy Land in Clermont
- 1. Call for Crusades
- The pope promised complete forgiveness of sins to everyone who took part in the campaign. Many with exclamations “God wants it that way” They immediately sewed crosses made of red material onto their clothes. Therefore, the participants in the campaigns to the East began to be called crusaders, and the trips themselves - crusades.
- 1. Call for Crusades
- At the end of the 11th century. Europe experienced famine and epidemics. The peasants dreamed of Palestine, wanting to get rid of their owners and get land. Landless knights were interested in eastern goods and dreamed of getting rich by robbing rich cities. The clergy wanted to extend their power to the East.
- The poor were the first to go on a campaign at the call of Peter the Hermit. They were unprepared, almost unarmed, but they believed that God would help them defeat their enemies and liberate Jerusalem.
- On the way, they begged for alms and often robbed the local population. The Byzantine emperor hastened to transport them to Asia, where in the first battle with the Turks, almost all of them were killed or captured.
- In the autumn of 1096, under the leadership of large feudal lords, detachments of knights from France, Germany and Italy set out on a campaign.
- Their troops united in Constantinople, crossed to Asia Minor and defeated the Seljuk Turks in a decisive battle.
- On the way to Jerusalem, the crusaders captured and plundered cities, quarreling among themselves over the spoils.
- In 1099, after a month-long siege, the crusaders took Jerusalem by storm. Almost all of its Muslim inhabitants were killed.
- On the occupied lands - a narrow strip along the sea - the crusaders created several feudal states. The local population became dependent on the new land owners - European feudal lords.
- The main one was considered the Kingdom of Jerusalem; the rulers of other crusader states were its vassals.
- 4. Spiritual knightly orders
- After the First Crusade arise spiritual knightly orders.
- Templars, Hospitallers, Teutonic Order - the knights who were part of them were both monks and warriors who defended Holy land.
- 4. Spiritual knightly orders
- The orders were headed Grand Masters and they obeyed only the Pope. In the East, they helped pilgrims and protected them from Muslims, and opened hospitals. Incoming donations and trade enriched the orders.
- Grand Master of the Templar Order
- Grand Master of the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- 5. The struggle of the peoples of the Middle East against the crusaders
- The Crusader states were not united and Muslim principalities from the east and south gradually conquered their lands ( Edessa). The Second Crusade ended in failure.
- 6. Third Crusade
- At the end of the 12th century, Muslims created a strong state.
- Its ruler, Salah ad-Din (Saladin), managed to defeat the crusaders in several battles, and the King of Jerusalem and the Master of the Templar Order were captured.
- 6. Third Crusade
- In 1187, after a short siege, Saladin captured Jerusalem. Christian residents could leave the city for a ransom; those who could not pay the ransom were sold into slavery (15 thousand people).
- 6. Third Crusade
- To return Jerusalem, the Third Crusade was organized (1189-1192). Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, who led the German knights, died in Asia Minor, and his army returned home.
- 6. Third Crusade
- The French and English knights, led by Kings Philip II Augustus and Richard I the Lionheart, acted inconsistently. Having failed to achieve success, the French knights led by the king returned home.
- Philip II Augustus and Richard the Lionheart
- 6. Third Crusade
- Richard the Lionheart managed to recapture the city of Acre (which became the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem), but the British and the knights of various orders who supported him did not have enough troops to capture Jerusalem.
- Richard the Lionheart
- Battle of Acre
- 6. Third Crusade
- On his way to England, Richard the Lionheart was captured by his enemy the Duke of Austria and spent two years in captivity. He was released for a large ransom.
- Richard the Lionheart and his army cross the desert
- 7. Fourth Crusade
- Pope Innocent III organized the Fourth Crusade. The Crusaders were supposed to land in Egypt, but the Venetian ruler (Doge) demanded a huge sum for transportation and the knights could not pay it.
- 7. Fourth Crusade
- The Venetians persuaded the Crusaders to capture the Christian city of Constantinople. In 1204 it was stormed and plundered. The campaign against Jerusalem did not take place. On the territory of Byzantium, the crusaders created the Latin Empire.
- In France, in 1212, a new Crusade began, in which only children took part, in order to liberate Jerusalem without weapons with the name of God on their lips. 25 thousand children from all over Europe came to Italy. There they were put on ships and, taken to Africa, sold into slavery.
- Despite further attempts to reconquer the Holy Land, all campaigns ended in failure. Residents of Europe have lost interest in hiking. In 1291, after the 8th Crusade, all possessions in the East were lost, their capital, Acre, fell.
- Fortress
- Hospitallers
- Krak des Chevaliers
- in Syria
- The campaigns brought misfortune to the inhabitants of eastern countries and ruin for the inhabitants of Europe. But by paving the way to the East, the knights contributed to the development of trade.
- Europeans took a lot from the East - silk and glass, rice and buckwheat, lemons and sugar, watermelons and apricots. The way of life of Europeans also changed - they began to observe hygiene, wash in bathhouses, change linen and clothes. The feudal lords began to strive for luxury, and this required money, so commodity-money relations began to quickly develop in Europe.
- Homework
- 1. Study paragraph 17
- 2. Answer the questions on page 149 (orally)
- 3. Task No. 9 p. 149 Table in writing!
- Statue of Urban II
In the middle of the 11th century, most of the Arab possessions were conquered by the Seljuk Turks, who came from Central Asia. After the Seljuk Turks captured the Christian shrine - the “Holy Sepulcher” - rumors spread in Western Europe about the oppression of pilgrims in Jerusalem. In 1095, Pope Urban II, in his speech to a huge crowd of people near the city of Clermont, called on Christians to “gird themselves with the sword” and move to Palestine to liberate the Holy Sepulcher in the city of Jerusalem from Muslims.
At the end of the 11th century. Europe experienced famine and epidemics. The peasants dreamed of Palestine, wanting to get rid of their owners and get land. Landless knights were interested in eastern goods and dreamed of getting rich by robbing rich cities. The clergy wanted to extend their power to the East. "
Liberation of Palestine from the Seljuk Turks; conversion of Baltic pagans to Christianity; suppression of heretical movements in Europe (Cathars, Hussites, etc.). "When going to Palestine, the participants sewed red crosses on their chests, returning, they sewed them on their backs; hence the name “crusaders.”
Clergy - expansion of the sphere of influence, seizure of lands. Landless knights - seizure of lands. Children - searching for a home, because... most of them were street children. Peasants - seizure of land for Agriculture Knights – glory, money and remission of sins. Lawbreakers are a refuge from punishment.
The poor were the first to go on a campaign at the call of Peter the Hermit. They were unprepared, almost unarmed, but they believed that God would help them defeat their enemies and liberate Jerusalem. On the way, they begged for alms and often robbed the local population. The Byzantine emperor hastened to transport them to Asia, where in the first battle with the Turks, almost all of them were killed or captured. "
In the autumn of 1096, under the leadership of large feudal lords, detachments of knights from France, Germany and Italy set out on a campaign. Their troops united in Constantinople, crossed to Asia Minor and defeated the Seljuk Turks in a decisive battle. On the way to Jerusalem, the crusaders captured and plundered cities, quarreling among themselves over the spoils. In 1099, after a month-long siege, the crusaders took Jerusalem by storm. Almost all of its Muslim inhabitants were killed. "
On the occupied lands - a narrow strip along the sea - the crusaders created several feudal states. The local population became dependent on the new land owners - European feudal lords. The main one was considered the Kingdom of Jerusalem; the rulers of other crusader states were its vassals.
The orders were headed by Grand Masters and they were subordinate only to the Pope. In the East, they helped pilgrims and protected them from Muslims, and opened hospitals. Incoming donations and trade enriched the orders. Grand Master of the Knights Templar Grand Master of the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary
The 2nd Crusade, led by the French king Louis VII and the German king Conrad III, was organized after the conquest of Edessa by the Seljuks. It ended in a terrible defeat for the crusaders, who lost tens of thousands killed and died from disease and starvation. "
At the end of the 12th century, Muslims created a strong state. Its ruler, Salah ad-Din (Saladin), managed to defeat the crusaders in several battles, and the King of Jerusalem and the Master of the Templar Order were captured. In 1187, after a short siege, Saladin captured Jerusalem. Christian residents could leave the city for a ransom; those who could not pay the ransom were sold into slavery (15 thousand people). "
The Third Crusade was organized to recapture Jerusalem. Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, who led the German knights, died in Asia Minor, and his army returned home. The French and English knights, led by Kings Philip II Augustus and Richard I the Lionheart, acted inconsistently. Having failed to achieve success, the French knights led by the king returned home. "Philip II Augustus and Richard the Lionheart
Richard the Lionheart managed to recapture the city of Acre (which became the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem), but the British and the knights of various orders who supported him did not have enough troops to capture Jerusalem. On his way to England, Richard the Lionheart was captured by his enemy the Duke of Austria and spent two years in captivity. He was released for a large ransom. "
Pope Innocent III organized the Fourth Crusade. The Crusaders were supposed to land in Egypt, but the Venetian ruler (Doge) demanded a huge sum for transportation and the knights could not pay it. The Venetians persuaded the Crusaders to capture the Christian city of Constantinople. In 1204, Constantinople was stormed and plundered. The campaign against Jerusalem did not take place. On the territory of Byzantium, the crusaders created the Latin Empire. "
In France, in 1212, a new Crusade began, in which only children took part, in order to liberate Jerusalem without weapons with the name of God on their lips. 25 thousand children from all over Europe came to Italy. There they were put on ships and, taken to Africa, sold into slavery. "
"The campaigns brought misfortune to the inhabitants of the eastern countries and ruin for the inhabitants of Europe. But by paving the way to the East, the knights contributed to the development of trade. Europeans took a lot from the East - silk and glass, rice and buckwheat, lemons and sugar, watermelons and apricots. The life of Europeans also changed - they began to observe hygiene, wash in baths, change linen and clothes. The feudal lords began to strive for luxury, and this required money, so commodity-money relations began to quickly develop in Europe.
“On the Kulikovo Field” - In fine arts. The horizon is about to darken. Two worlds, civil and local, from which the horrors are so difficult to convey! The heroic past of our homeland. The faces of the stately warriors are stern, The army is silent with a single thoughtfulness... Two great forces will converge in the field: the Horde and the army. And the Moscow brushes... and the damask swords...
“Culture of the 13th-15th centuries” - The story of the ruin of Ryazan by Batu. Novgorod. 1345 Destroyed during the Great Patriotic War. Restored by restorers. Spassky Cathedral of the Andronikov Monastery. Andrey Rublev. Novgorod churches of the 13th–14th centuries. were not only religious buildings, but also defensive buildings, Russian architecture suffered heavy losses during the period of Batu's invasion.
“The Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus'” - presentation “Was there a yoke...” presentation “Chelubey and Peresvet”. Author: Tatyana Leonidovna Demidova, history teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1, Mokrous. Subject educational project Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'. Abstract of the project. Research results. Creative title: Mongol-Tatar yoke - myth or reality.
“Golden Horde” - Then Azhdarkan[, Kazan and Crimea moved away from each other. Documents giving the right to public administration. Are Ylttanpik's relatives? According to Soyurgal, land was considered hereditary. The Khan's palace disappeared from view. Bulgaria as part of the Golden Horde. Uprising led by Bayan and Jiku. Capitals of the Golden Horde.
“Invasion from the East” - Assault on Ryazan. Result: the Russian army was defeated, the Mongols turned to the northeast. Invasion of Ryazan land. Trek to Southern Rus'. December 21 - Ryazan is taken by the Mongols. Battle of Kalka. Hike to Novgorod. Power of Genghis Khan. History lesson 6th grade Teacher Bokova E.B. Legends about Evpatiya Kolovrat. March 1238 - Battle of the Sit River.
“History of the Crusades” - Consequences of the Crusades Disasters for the peoples of the Middle East Revival of trade in the Mediterranean, the transition of primacy in trade from Byzantium to Venice and Genoa Acquaintance of Europeans with new landowning cultures and crafts, changes in everyday life. 1st Crusade (1096 - 99) 2nd Crusade (1147 - 49) 3rd Crusade (1189 - 92) 4th Crusade (1202 - 04) Children's Crusade (1212) 5th Crusade campaign (1217 – 21) 6th Crusade (1228 – 29) 7th Crusade (1248 – 54) 8th Crusade (1270) Albigensian Wars (1209 – 29).
