In order to enter the territory of ZATO, you need a special pass. The easiest way to get it is for those who have close relatives living in a closed city. The pass is also issued to those who got a job in ZATO or found a husband or wife from local residents.
But, of course, there are workarounds. In some ZATOs, cultural and sporting events are held from time to time, to which outsiders are invited. The most desperate just find holes in the fence or make their way into the city secret paths. True, it should be borne in mind that illegal entry into the territory of ZATO is fraught with administrative punishment in the form of a fine and immediate expulsion for the fence.
10 closed cities of Russia
1. Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-26, Sotsgorod, Atomgrad), Krasnoyarsk Territory
Photo: Sergey Filinin
Reason for special status: On the territory of the city is the Mining and Chemical Combine (MCC), where weapons-grade plutonium (plutonium-239) was produced, as well as Academician M.F. OJSC Information Satellite Systems. Reshetneva ", releasing satellites.
At one time, the designers of Zheleznogorsk adhered to the concept of maximum non-interference in the natural landscape, so from a bird's eye view it seems as if residential areas are right in the forest. Nearby in the mountain range are uranium-graphite plutonium production reactors. One of them operated until recently - it not only produced plutonium, but also supplied heat and electricity to the inhabitants of the city. Reactors are located in kilometer tunnels in the thickness of a granite monolith - in case of a nuclear war. Another tunnel was laid from the Mining and Chemical Combine on the other side of the Yenisei.
In Soviet times, the status of ZATO attracted foreign intelligence agents to the city, which, however, the vigilant locals calculated almost immediately. However, the bike is especially popular among them, not about a foreign agent, but about his fellow countryman: in the 1980s, one of the workers at the Mining and Chemical Combine managed to smuggle some plutonium through the checkpoint and stored it at home in an ordinary glass jar. Later, when a thief was spotted using special equipment, he said that he only wanted to poison his mother-in-law. As a result, he was recognized insane and sent for treatment.
By the way, the city has a Culture and Rest Park named after Kirov, where the attractions "Sun", "Bell", "Orbit" and the City Lake are located.
2. Zelenogorsk (Zaozerny-13, Krasnoyarsk-45), Krasnoyarsk Territory
Reason for special status: On the territory of the city is OJSC "Production Association" Electrochemical Plant ", which produce low enriched uranium.
Zelenogorsk was built on the Kan River in the place of the small village of Ust-Barga. Residents of the village, which was actually wiped out, were involved in the construction of the city.
A cadet corps at the Vityaz center operates in Zelenogorsk, and not only boys but also girls are trained in military training here. At the base of the center is a small Museum of Military Glory. Also in the city there is a Museum and Exhibition Center, located opposite the church of St. Seraphim of Sarov.
The main attractions of Zelenogorsk residents are gatherings on the banks of the Kan River and trips to the Gorod night club, which opened just a couple of months ago. For cultural activities, locals prefer to travel to Krasnoyarsk, despite the fact that it is more than 150 km away. A visitor will be surprised by the fact that Zelenogorsk, unlike most ZATOs, does not at all look like a typical town from the Soviet era - there are wide avenues, brick high-rise buildings, countless lawns and squares; no dullness and gloom. However, the ubiquitous monument to Lenin recalls the Soviet past.
3. Znamensk (Kapustin Yar - 1), Astrakhan Region
Reason for special status: The city is the administrative and residential center of the Kapustin Yar military training ground.
The Kapustin Yar military training ground, built in 1946, was intended to test the first Soviet military ballistic missiles. And he received his completely peaceful name from the village of the same name, which later became an open suburb of the closed Znamensk. However, in fact, the latter was not so closed: schoolchildren and students from nearby settlements periodically come here for excursions. So those who wish to get into the city can try to get together in an excursion group and submit an appropriate request - it is possible that they will be especially persistent.
The first chief of the Kapustin Yar training ground, Major General Vasily Voznyuk, who joined the service in 1946, is still respected by local residents, and his portraits can be seen in the administration’s offices. There is a portrait of him in the local Cosmonautics Museum. It was from Znamensk that the first space dogs went flying, and their name was not Belka and Strelka, but Desik and Gypsy. Near the museum there is an open area where samples of military equipment, such as rocket launchers and radars, are presented.
4. City of Forest (Sverdlovsk-45), Sverdlovsk region
Reason for special status: On the territory of the city is the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Electrokhimpribor Combine”, designed for the assembly and disposal of nuclear munitions, as well as for the production of uranium isotopes.
The construction of a large part of Lesnoy fell on the shoulders of the Gulag prisoners: a total of more than 20,000 prisoners worked on the secret facility. Despite the fact that the Council of Ministers of the USSR sent the best specialists to supervise the work of the future ZATOs, it could not do without tragic incidents. So, the construction of Lesnoy claimed the lives of several tens of people who died during the blasting operations and were never properly buried - their bodies are in mass graves.
The city of Lesnoy is very similar to other closed cities of Rosatom: 3-story houses of the first years of construction (early 50s), solid "Stalinist" buildings and colorful high-rise buildings on bright avenues, a pretty square named after Gagarin, a monument to Lenin. However, leisure can be diversified, because Lesnoy is located just a few kilometers from the neighboring town of Nizhnyaya Tura: one of its central streets abuts directly at the checkpoint of the City of Forest. In Nizhny Tur for visitors there are, for example, historical and environmental museums.
5. Mirny, Arkhangelsk region
Reason for special status: It is the administrative and residential center of the Plesetsk cosmodrome.
In the place where the city of Mirny now stands, during the time of tsarist Russia, the so-called “sovereign road” to the White Sea passed. According to legend, it was after her after the convoy that Mikhailo Lomonosov went to Moscow. True, there is no memorial pillar, and all the main sights of Mirny are connected with the history of space exploration: the first state space launch site Plesetsk has long been a world leader in the number of launches.
Peaceful is replete with monuments and obelisks. Even the stone with which the construction of the city began was turned into a monument. The Cosmos-1000 obelisk is installed here in honor of the launch of the first Soviet navigation spacecraft. In 1989, the Cosmos 2000 satellite was launched into orbit - this event is also marked by a monument, which for its resemblance to representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations was called the “alien”.
You can go to Mirny along a secret trail that starts at the last turn of the neighboring village of Plesetsk, if you get to the city by taxi. True, it is worth clarifying the topography of one of the locals, as well as being prepared for the fact that there is a risk of stumbling upon a military patrol.
6. Novouralsk (Sverdlovsk-44), Sverdlovsk region
Photo: zzaharr Reason for special status: On the territory of the city is OJSC “Ural Electrochemical Combine”, where highly enriched uranium is produced.
Novouralsk stands on the banks of the Verkh-Neivinsky Pond, in the upper reaches of the Neiva River. They say that you can get into the city through the forest next to the so-called Belorechenskaya checkpoint - not far from the village of Belorechka. However, it is easy for a visitor to get lost, so you should find a guide.
The surroundings of Novouralsk abound in natural monuments. These include, for example, the hanging stone rock and Mount Seven Brothers. Many legends are connected with the origin of the latter: according to one version, Ermak turned seven sorcerers into stone idols, which prevented him from conquering Siberia; on the other - this is all that remains of the gold-mining brothers, who vigilantly guarded their prey all night from the robbers and turned into stone in the morning. There is even such a bike: in Soviet times, a raid was announced on Old Believers who were hiding in the Ural forests. Seven of them, in an attempt to escape from the persecution, fled to the mountains, where not some supernatural powers chained them to stone, but ordinary fear.
In the center of the city there is a museum of local lore and an operetta theater, for which artists are educated, including the Novo-Ural music school.
7. Ozersk (Chelyabinsk-40, Chelyabinsk-65)
Reason for special status: On the territory of the city is the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Production Association Mayak, which produces radioactive isotopes.
Despite the fact that huge technical and human resources were invested in the construction and operation of Mayak, it could not do without accidents. And one of them is only slightly inferior to the Chernobyl tragedy. As a result of the explosion that occurred in the radioactive waste storage facility on September 29, 1957, an area of \u200b\u200babout 300 km long and 10 km wide was in the pollution zone. A total of 270,000 people lived here. Most were relocated, and their property and livestock destroyed.
Specialists, who were part of the first batch of workers at the mill No. 817 (the so-called “Mayak Production Association”), underwent a rigorous multi-stage selection; Moreover, after arriving at a secret facility, they were deprived for several years not only of meetings with relatives, but also of the right to correspond with them. Today residents of Ozero perceive life in ZATOs not as a restriction, but as a privilege. Therefore, in their attitude to visitors, you can see some leniency.
8. Sarov (Shatki-1, Moscow-300, Kremlin, Arzamas-75, Arzamas-16), Nizhny Novgorod Region
Reason for special status: On the territory of the city is the Russian Federal Nuclear Center All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics (RFNC-VNIIEF).
Sarov is an amazing city: on the one hand, it is the site of the creation of the atomic bomb, on the other, here is one of the most revered Orthodox shrines, the Sarov Deserts. In 1778, one of the novices of the monastery, in which there was a particularly strict charter, was Prokhor Isidorovich Moshnin, in the past - the son of a wealthy merchant, in the future - Rev. Seraphim of Sarov.
Under the Sarov desert there is a real underground city where hermit monks descended in search of solitude. Three-tier catacombs are an intricate system of narrow, poorly lit corridors. Local legend says that earlier on the lowest level of the underground church there was a small lake on which the novices rode a boat.
It is a religious motive that can facilitate outsider access to Sarov: the Holy Assumption Monastery of the Sarov Deserts, which has been functioning again since 2006, pilgrimage tours are periodically organized. For those who are more interested in the achievements of Soviet nuclear scientists, the Museum of Nuclear Weapons operates on the basis of RFNC-VNIIEF. Its main exhibit is the so-called Tsar bomb, it is also the “Kuzkin’s mother”, which Khrushchev promised to show to America. Most of the museum exhibits are naturally copies.
9. Severomorsk, Murmansk region
Reason for special status: It is a large naval base.
Severomorsk, the former village of Vaenga, stands on the shore of the Kola Bay in the Barents Sea. Initially, this territory was inhabited by Sami and Pomors, later, already in the 20th century, Finns and Russians came here. The construction of the Navy base began here in the mid 30-ies of the last century, but the city received the status of a closed one after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1996.
Memorable places of Severomorsk are dedicated to sailors and the history of the fleet. So, on Primorskaya Square there is a monument to the heroes of the North Sea - a giant sailor with a machine gun and in a peak with flying ribbons. Locals affectionately call him Alyosha. A monument to the TK-12 torpedo boat was erected on Courage Square, which during the Second World War sank four enemy ships. The K-21 Submarine Museum is also located here, where the main household items of submariners are presented: starting with latrine and ending with canned drinking water.
Severomorsk is located beyond the Arctic Circle, so in winter there comes a polar night, which lasts from early December to mid-January. Real Arctic frosts are rare in Severomorsk, but it’s hard for a visitor to adapt to the local climate because of the icy wind and high humidity.
10. Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70), Chelyabinsk region
Reason for special status: On the territory of the city is the Russian Federal Nuclear Center - the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics named after Academician E.I. Zababakhina (RFNC-VNIITF).
It is best to come to Snezhinsk in the summer, when the city is simply surrounded by greenery. There are several lakes in Snezhinsk, and on a hot day you can swim and sunbathe on one of the city beaches. Those who fall into the city in winter entertain themselves with skiing - not far from the city, trails are laid on the slopes of the Cherry Mountains. There is also a rental and repair base for equipment and the Sungul sanatorium.
At first glance, it seems that modern Snezhinsk is a cozy clean town that even has its own Broadway (as snowflakes call Tsiolkovsky Boulevard). In fact, the city is full of mysterious artifacts preserved from the Soviet era: structures of unknown purpose, ventilation pipes that stick out of the ground in the very center of the city, tunnels leading to the unknown. A few years ago a fantastic story appeared in a local newspaper about the existence of an underground communications system in the city. In addition to quite plausible details, giant badgers were also featured there. The public is still arguing about how grounded the rumors about the Snezhinsk metro. And local diggers from time to time organize expeditions in search of secret underground passages.
A special place in the industry is occupied by military engineering, producing weapons and military equipment. In addition to those characteristic of other industries, the military-strategic factor is important for him - remoteness from state enterprises, location of the most important enterprises in “closed” cities, where access for foreigners and strangers is limited. The regions of the Urals (Sverdlovsk and Perm Regions, the Republic of Udmurtia) differ in the highest concentration of military engineering enterprises. The main sub-sectors are as follows.
Nuclear weapons production
The production of nuclear weapons, including the extraction of uranium ore and the production of uranium concentrate, uranium enrichment, the production of fuel elements for nuclear power plants (TVEL) and weapons-grade plutonium, the assembly of nuclear munitions and the disposal of nuclear waste. The main enterprises are located in "closed" cities, the very existence of which was secret until the mid-1990s. The main centers for the development of nuclear weapons are Sarov (Arzamas-16) in the Nizhny Novgorod Region and Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70), in which research and development organizations are located. The assembly (currently dismantling - in accordance with international agreements) of nuclear weapons is carried out in Sarov, Zarechny (Penza-19), Lesnoy (Sverdlovsk-45), Trekhgorny (Zlatoust-16). Disposal of nuclear waste (burial in rocks) takes place in Snezhinsk and Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-26).
Space rocket industry characterized by high science-intensive and technical complexity of products. Leading research institutes and design bureaus are located in Moscow and the Moscow Region (Korolev, Khimki, Reutov, Dubna). The largest serial production of rockets and spacecraft is located in Voronezh, Samara, Zlatoust (Chelyabinsk region), Votkipsk (Republic of Udmurtia), Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory).
Aviation industry
Aviation industry produces airplanes, helicopters and aircraft engines. The enterprises are located mainly in large cities that have good opportunities for cooperation and significant qualified labor resources. A high concentration of aircraft manufacturing centers in the Volga region is Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov. In Central Russia, aircraft are manufactured in Moscow, Smolensk, Nizhny Novgorod, Voronezh. In the Asian part of the country, aircraft are produced in Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur. In the city of Taganrog, Rostov Region, the development and production of seaplanes is located. Helicopter factories are located in Moscow, Lyubertsy (Moscow region), Kazan, Rostov-on-Don, Kumertau (Republic of Bashkortostan), Ulan-Ude, Arsenyev (Primorsky Territory). The most important aircraft engine manufacturing plants are located in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Perm, Ufa, Rybinsk (Yaroslavl region).
Military Shipbuilding Plants
Military shipbuilding plants are located in the same cities as civil shipbuilding. The main center is St. Petersburg, where ships of various types were manufactured at numerous enterprises, from boats and patrol ships to missile cruisers and nuclear submarines. Currently, Russian nuclear submarines are produced only in the city of Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk region. Disposal of spent nuclear submarines takes place in the cities of Bolshoi Kamen (Primorsky Krai) and Snezhnogorsk (Murmansk Oblast). Military vessels are also produced in Kaliningrad, Nizhny Novgorod, Zelenodolsk (Republic of Tatarstan), Komsomolsk-on-Amur (Khabarovsk Territory).
Armored industry is the most metal-intensive sub-sector of military engineering. Therefore, the main enterprises are located near metallurgical plants. Tanks are manufactured in Omsk and Nizhny Tagil (Sverdlovsk Region), armored personnel carriers are produced in Arzamas (Nizhny Novgorod Region), and infantry fighting vehicles are produced in Kurgan.
Small arms production is the oldest sub-sector of military engineering. Since the XVII century. A major center of production is Tula. From the 19th century launch weapons on a large scale in
Izhevsk, where they make hunting rifles and the most massive type of small arms on Earth - a Kalashnikov assault rifle. Important centers of production are Kovrov (Vladimir region) and Vyatskiye Polyany (Kirov region).
Production of artillery systems since time concentrated in the Urals. The main sub-industry centers are Yekaterinburg, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Zlatoust (Chelyabinsk Region). Modern artillery systems are produced in Tula, Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk.
Ammunition production consists of the release of explosives (chemical industry) and the assembly of ammunition (mechanical engineering). The industry enterprises are located in many regions (Chelyabinsk, Perm, Kemerovo, Vladimir, Tula regions, the Republic of Tatarstan, etc.).
Russia's military potential was initially perceived as very impressive. Moreover, not every citizen of the Russian Federation can clearly imagine the structure of the defense sphere of his country. Moreover, this information was not always available. Therefore, there are all reasons to pay attention to the structure of the military-industrial complex.
Military-industrial complex of Russia
Touching on this topic, it is initially worth noting that the military-industrial complex can be safely attributed to an industry that has had a more than tangible impact on the development of the economy over the many years of the existence of the Russian Federation.
And although some time ago such a concept as the military-industrial complex of Russia was somewhat vague, in the middle of the 2000s progress in this area became obvious. If we talk about the situation that has developed at the moment, then it is worth voicing the fact that the military-industrial complex has many progressive industries:
Aviation industry;
Atomic;
Space rocket;
Ammunition and ammunition release;
Military shipbuilding, etc.
The following enterprises can be identified as the main players that deserve attention within the framework of the military-industrial complex:
- "Russian Technologies";
- Rosoboronexport;
OJSC "Air Defense Concern" Almaz-Antey "and others.
What does the structure of the military industry look like?
In the framework of this topic, the following information should be illuminated initially: during the active 90s, the wave of privatization did not pass over the enterprises of the military-industrial complex of Russia; therefore, if we now analyze the ownership structure of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, it will be easy to notice that most of it joint stock companies. More specifically, such AOs in the entire military-industrial complex - 57%. Moreover, the state’s share is absent in 28.2% of such enterprises.
You can also refer to other data provided by the Accounts Chamber. According to this information, approximately 230 enterprises operate within the aviation industry. But only 7 of them belong to the state (we are talking about a controlling stake).
One of the key features of Russian enterprises is their jurisdiction in various forms to federal organizations. At the moment, the structure of the military-industrial complex of Russia includes 5 state agencies that oversee the defense industries and are located in:
RASU. It operates in the field of communications and radio industry.
- "Rossudostroenie". Responsible for overseeing shipbuilding.
CANCER. It controls the processes within the framework of the rocket and space and aviation industries.
RAV. In this case, we are talking about the arms industry.
- "The ammunition." This agency specializes in working with the industry of special chemicals and ammunition.
Key elements of the defense industry
If we consider the features of the military-industrial complex of Russia, then you can not ignore the types of organizations that are part of it:
Design offices that are focused on working with prototypes (prototypes) of weapons.
Organization of research profile. Their main task is theoretical development.
Manufacturing enterprises. In this case, the resources are used for mass production of weapons.
Landfills, as well as testing laboratories. It makes sense to talk about several important tasks. This is the so-called fine-tuning of prototypes in real-life conditions, as well as the testing of weapons that has just left the production line.
In order to outline the full picture of the functioning of the military-industrial complex and to outline all the facets that the Russian military-industrial complex has, one needs to pay attention to the fact that enterprises that are part of the defense sector also produce products that have a civilian purpose.
Now it’s worth taking a closer look at the defense industry
Nuclear weapons complex
The development of the military-industrial industry is difficult to imagine without this direction. It includes several strategically important areas of production.
First of all, this is the subsequent production of concentrate from this raw material. The next important step is the separation of uranium isotopes (enrichment process). This task is performed at enterprises located in cities such as Angarsk, Novouralsk, Zelenogorsk and Seversk.
In fairness, it is worth noting that it is in Russia that 45% of all capacities that are concentrated are located. It is important to pay attention to the fact that nuclear weapons production is declining and the sectors described above focus on Western customers.
Another objective of this complex of the military-industrial complex is both the operating time and the allocation of its reserves concentrated in the Russian Federation will last for many more years.
Enterprises operating as part of the nuclear weapons complex are also engaged in the manufacture of fuel elements that are necessary for the operation of nuclear reactors, the assembly of nuclear munitions and the disposal of radioactive waste.
Space rocket industry
It can rightfully be called one of the most high-tech. What is only one ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile), for the full operation of which approximately 300 thousand various systems, devices and parts are needed. And if we talk about a large space complex, then this figure increases to 10 million.
It is for this reason that most of the scientists, engineers and designers are concentrated in this industry.
Aviation industry
When studying the military-industrial complex of Russia, the industry and the direction of this sphere, aviation must be given attention in any case. It is important here to talk about large industrial centers, since headquarters are needed to assemble products. Others simply do not have the necessary technical base for organizing the processes required for fast and high-quality production.
In this case, two key conditions must always be observed: the availability of qualified specialists and well-organized transport links. The military-industrial complex of Russia and specifically the aviation industry are in a state of constant development, which allows the Russian Federation to act as a major exporter of weapons, including aviation.
Artillery and small arms
It is also an important industry. The military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation can hardly be imagined without the famous Kalashnikov assault rifle. This is the most widespread type of small arms that is currently being produced in Russia.
Moreover, outside the CIS it was adopted by 55 states. As for artillery systems, their production centers are located in cities such as Perm, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod.
Armored industry
If you pay attention to the centers of the military-industrial complex of Russia, then after a simple analysis, you can make an obvious conclusion: this direction of the defense industry can be defined as one of the most developed.
The tanks themselves are produced directly in Omsk and Nizhny Tagil. Factories located in Chelyabinsk and St. Petersburg are at the reprofiling stage. As for armored personnel carriers, enterprises in Kurgan and Arzamas are engaged in their production.
Military shipbuilding
Without it, the military-industrial complex of Russia cannot be considered full-fledged.
Moreover, St. Petersburg is the largest production center in this area. Within this city there are up to 40 enterprises related to shipbuilding.
Touching upon the topic of nuclear submarines, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that at the moment their production is carried out only in Severodvinsk.
What you should know about the conversion of the military-industrial complex
In this case, we are talking about changing the military industry, and more specifically, about its transition to the civilian market. This strategy is explained very simply: the production facilities that currently exist are capable of producing significantly more military products than actual demand requires. That is, neither Russia itself nor its current and potential customers need so much.
With such a prospect, one obvious maneuver remains: to reorient part of the military enterprises to the production of products relevant in the civilian sector. Thus, jobs will be saved, factories will continue their stable work, and the state will profit. Complete harmony.
The use of the military for peaceful purposes, so to speak, is also promising for the reason that such enterprises show a significant concentration of advanced technologies and specialists with a high level of qualification.
Using such a strategy, at least some problems of the military-industrial complex of Russia can be solved. At the same time, a stable release of the most relevant equipment for the army remains.
Obvious difficulties
Against the background of the above information, it is easy to conclude that the same conversion is not an easy task. In fact, it can be attributed to one of the most difficult tasks facing the military-industrial complex. There are no simple solutions by definition. In order for some progress to be observed in this area, considerable efforts must be constantly made.
Another problem that we have to deal with is the uncertainty of the future financing of defense industry enterprises. The military-industrial complex of Russia can receive funds from the state only for those enterprises that are part of any federal program or are among state-owned production facilities.
As for foreign investment, there is no reason to rely on them so far. At the same time, factories with production lines that are already outdated or are not able to produce a wide range of competitive products and military in particular may be in a particularly difficult situation.
If we try to assess the economic condition of defense enterprises as a whole, we can conclude that it is very heterogeneous. The bottom line is that there are plants whose products have a certain demand. At the same time, there are those enterprises that are in a state of deep production crisis, regardless of whether they belong to the state or not.
Nevertheless, it is necessary to be aware that the government is fixing the state of some components of the military-industrial complex. This confirms the fact that the Coordination Council approved the main areas of development and stabilization of the situation.
In addition, Russia is actively combining fundamental and applied research in the framework of the activities of military enterprises, which significantly increases the chances of the military-industrial complex for successful development and full functioning. Competently organized efforts are also made to maximize the conformity of products that go off the assembly line of the enterprises of the military-industrial complex with the investment expectations of the Russian and foreign markets.
Summary
Obviously, for all the difficult situation that has developed around the military-industrial complex, there are definitely chances for a bright future and a progressive present. The government is constantly working to make the necessary changes that will allow defense enterprises to work extremely efficiently.
And experimental design institutions developing and producing military equipment, ammunition and weapons.
Before the collapse of the USSR, the military-industrial complex consisted of 1100 plants with a number working more than 9 million people, more than 900 research institutes and research bureaus, as well as the army as part of the ground, air force, missile forces, navy, border, as well as auxiliary (railway, construction ) troops. The military-industrial complex had its own cosmodromes, air and sea ports, arsenals, test sites with a laboratory system, and a powerful communications infrastructure (transport and communications). The bulk of the USSR military-industrial complex was located on the territory of Russia and is currently the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation.
The military-industrial complex partially includes the production of other complexes, for example, in mechanical engineering the share of defense plants is more than 60% (tab. 19, fig. 31).
In turn, the defense industries produce civilian products, while the conversion carried out at the defense industries increases the share of civilian products while reducing the defense order.
We briefly list the basic principles that determine the geography of the defense industry sectors.
1. The basic principle is the safety of the location of its facilities, given the flight time of missiles and aviation from abroad. From here - the location of the most important centers and enterprises of the military-industrial complex in the deep regions of the country (Urals, Siberia).
Table 19
The role of intersectoral complexes in the production of defense products
| Intersectoral complex | Defense industry | Specialized defense complexes |
| Fuel and energy | Nuclear fuel production | Nuclear Weapons (atomic weapons) |
| Machine building | Ship-, aircraft-, rocket-, tank-, automotive, production of communications, firearms, electronics, electrical engineering, etc. | Aerospace and Rocket and Space |
| Structural materials: metallurgical Chemical Forest | Manufacture of composites, metal powders and rolled metal Production of chemicals, compounds, lumber | Chemical weapons |
| Building | Cement and other production | Military building |
| Agro-industrial | Processing industries (casein production) | |
| Consumer goods and services | Production of technical fabrics and uniforms |
2. The principle of duplication: the deployment of backup enterprises in different regions of the country. For example, aircraft factories that produce the same type of fighter aircraft (such as MiG or Su) or Tu bombers are located in different parts of the country, starting from Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod, the Volga cities (Kazan, Samara, Ulyanovsk) to the Far East ( Komsomolsk-on-Amur).
3. Concentration of production and scientific production military-industrial complex associations in and around Moscow, where Russia has the right to create and build up missile defense systems.
In the Soviet Union, as a part of the military-industrial complex, there were many special closed secret cities (ZATO - closed administrative-territorial unit), many of which had special names: Arzamas-16, Chelyabinsk-65 and Chelyabinsk-70, Krasnoyarsk-26 and Krasnoyarsk-35, Tomsk -7.
They concentrated the most important objects of the military-industrial complex. Some of them are now becoming promising technopolises in which the latest technologies are developed.
Thus, the main factors in the deployment of the military-industrial complex are: security and the preservation of military potential both in peacetime and in wartime, high technology, highly qualified personnel, and the transport factor.
In the military-industrial complex, systems of industries (complexes) are distinguished. Among them, the nuclear complex is important - a shield that ensures the country's security. The main members are two Russian nuclear centers: in Sarov (Arzamas-16) and Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70).
Nuclear weapons themselves were largely intended for use on missile systems. Naturally, the rocket and space industry has become the most important defense industry complex. It was especially important to prepare the scientific and technical base for astronautics and rocket science. The first major research and production centers were created in the suburbs. First of all, it is a powerful corporation "Energy", which was created in the city of Korolev (Kaliningrad). Here, under the leadership of the famous rocket designer S.P. Korolev, work has been carried out since 1946 on the creation of ballistic missiles, artificial Earth satellites, spacecraft, including the Vostok, on which the first cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin made a flight, were created. In Moscow, at the Scientific-Production Machine-Building Center named after MV Khrunichev also created ballistic missiles, long-term orbital stations ("Mir"). On the basis of scientific and design developments, plants for the production of ballistic missiles are operating in the Urals (Votkinsk, Zlatoust) and Siberia (Krasnoyarsk), and launch vehicles in Samara and Omsk. Missile technology is also produced in St. Petersburg.
The main military spaceport of Russia, from which all the main military spacecraft launched and military artificial satellites were launched, is located near the town of Mirny (st. Plesetsk) south of Arkhangelsk. Significantly more space launches were conducted here than from Baikonur, however, ships with astronauts on board started from the latter. There was another cosmodrome - Kapustin Yar - in the Astrakhan region, which was later turned into a testing ground for missiles and military equipment. Currently, a new Russian cosmodrome - “Svobodny” - has been created in the Amur Region.
To manage the military-space forces of Russia, a center was created in the suburbs of Moscow - the city of Krasnoznamensk (formerly - Golitsyno-2), and for manned space flights - the Mission Control Center (MCC) in Korolev. Near it there is the Cosmonaut Training Center - the city of Zvezdny.
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