This work The table presents the functions of supply and demand in the market. The government made a decision on the (Control) on the subject (Macroeconomics and Public Administration), was custom-made by the specialists of our company and passed its successful defense. Job - The table shows the supply and demand functions in the market. The government made a decision on the subject Macroeconomics and public administration reflects its topic and the logical component of its disclosure, the essence of the issue under study is revealed, the main provisions and leading ideas of this topic are highlighted.
Job - The table shows the supply and demand functions in the market. The government made a decision on, contains: tables, figures, the latest literary sources, the year of delivery and protection of the work - 2017 In the work The table presents the functions of supply and demand in the market. The government made a decision on (Macroeconomics and public administration) the relevance of the research topic is revealed, the degree of development of the problem is reflected, on the basis of a deep assessment and analysis of scientific and methodological literature, in the work on the subject Macroeconomics and public administration, the object of analysis and its issues are comprehensively considered, as with theoretical and the practical side, the goal and specific tasks of the topic under consideration are formulated, there is a logic of presentation of the material and its sequence.
Market pricing according to the laws demand and offers, the formation on this basis of equilibrium market prices underlie the self-regulation of the market economy, its ability to solve economic problems more efficiently than other systems.
Forms of government intervention in pricing
The reality of modern market economy are such that there are practically no countries where this or that form of state intervention in the pricing process has not been carried out. The most common options for such interventions in the operation of market competitive forces include government control over prices, as well as the imposition of taxes and subsidies. In the first case, violations of the competitive pricing mechanism are quite obvious. In the second case, the indirect impact through taxation and subsidies does not outwardly disrupt the effect of market pricing, but usually significantly distorts it. Does the market need such intervention? And if so, why and within what limits?
Let's consider both directions of government intervention in more detail.
State control over prices
The established equilibrium prices, due to various circumstances, do not always suit society. State intervention in this case can take the form of a compulsory (legislative) establishment fixed prices.
These fixed prices can be of two types.
1. When the equilibrium prices are perceived to be too high by society, the state sets prices below equilibrium (maximum prices, or price ceiling).
2. When equilibrium price seems too low, then prices are legally set above the equilibrium price (minimum prices, or the lower price level).
Consequences of price fixing
Solving the tasks assigned to them with varying degrees of success, fixed prices simultaneously lead to already known violations of the market equilibrium (see Fig. 4.6):
If the fixed price is lower than the equilibrium price, deficit goods;
· If the forced price is higher than the equilibrium price, the result will be a surplus of goods.
In both the first and second cases, with free pricing, the market could develop a mechanism for getting out of a disequilibrium state. When the price is legally fixed, it blocks the actions of competitive market forces and government intervention is again necessary to solve emerging problems.
In fig. 4.20 provides a detailed graphical interpretation of the price cap case. On the basis of fixed prices in a market economy, the state, as a rule, tries to solve certain social issues. So, the state is forced to resort to setting the maximum price (price ceiling - Р A) when the equilibrium price (Р 0) is so high that it excludes this product from the consumption of most of the population, and the product belongs to basic necessities (bread, sugar, milk ). Most often, a similar situation is likely during periods of wars, crises, crop failure, etc.
Fig. 4.20. Setting a fixed price
Due to the introduction of fixed prices, a stable deficit (Q A - Q B) arises. This means that by setting a low price for the benefit of the population, the state, at the same time, does not guarantee all its citizens the opportunity to receive this product. If we are talking about a socially significant product, then the consequences can be no less negative than with high prices. In the end, people do not care why they will not consume bread: because of the high price or because of the lack of it in the store. In both cases, the blame will be placed on the government, which does not know how to manage the economy.
Black market
Another negative consequence of price caps is the black market that accompanies scarcity. The reasons for its existence are understandable - some citizens are ready to overpay in excess of the price set by the state for goods absent in official trade. This can be prompted by various circumstances - from high incomes, when life becomes a reality on the principle of "time is money", to emergency events that happen in everyone's life (illness, holidays, etc.), when people with relatively low incomes are ready to pay for scarce commodity big money.
And then an inevitable chain of consequences arises. Suppose that state-controlled producers do not dare to exceed the marginal price P A, but then they will limit the volume of production to the level Q B corresponding to the supply curve S.
It is this fixed volume of production that will fall into the hands of the shadow economy, providing the “procurement” of the scarce goods. Accordingly, the supply curve S will be replaced by a new vertical supply curve S 1, which reflects the behavior of intermediaries. And its intersection with the demand curve sets the price and quantity that characterize the equilibrium in the black market. It is clearly seen that the final equilibrium point in the black market is reached at a significantly higher price than the equilibrium price of the free market (P 2\u003e P 0). But the purpose of government intervention was precisely the overestimation equilibrium price... In other words, black market is a sure sign of the failure of the state policy of price caps.
Black market in the USSR
Only those who did not live in Russia in pre-reform times did not face the black market. Buying meat, footwear, clothing, building materials "off hand" was a common occurrence in the Soviet economy. The overwhelming majority of the scarce goods never got into the open sale, but were immediately distributed to “their people”, who later resold them at inflated prices.
Of course, with speculationThe army of controllers fought, but their efforts yielded almost zero results. The trade workers were simply taking more precautions. In addition, controllers are also people, they constantly tried (and often successfully) to bribe them.
The punishability of speculation made people who tried to buy a scarce commodity to be cautious. It was obvious that the seller would not take a bribe in direct form from an unknown person. Therefore, in order to have meat, one had to “make friends” with the butcher (ie, not just give money, but give gifts, express our respect in every possible way, etc.), in order to drive a working car - “make friends” with the auto repairman.
Quantitative estimates of the prevalence of the black market in the USSR are very unreliable, however, according to experts, in the 1970s, 20-30% of all consumer goods passed through it.
Leon Walras (1834-1910) Franco-Swiss economist, founder of the mathematical direction of economic analysis.
This approach considers the direct functions of demand (supply):
Q d \u003d Q d (P)
Q s \u003d Q s (P)
This means studying the dynamics of the volumes of demand and the volumes of supply at given prices. Let the real market price be higher than the equilibrium price P e, as shown in Figure 5. At this price, the volume of demand will be Q d 1, and the volume of supply Q s 1.
Q s 1\u003e Q d 1
There is an oversupply and a downward trend in prices appears in the market.
Fig. 5. a) Equilibrium of supply and demand according to Walras.
On the contrary, if the market price () settles below the equilibrium price, there will be a shortage of goods and the price will tend to rise.
b) Equilibrium of supply and demand according to Walras.
Thus, walras equilibrium condition, this is the equality of the amount of demand to the amount of supply.
Q d (P) \u003d Q s (P)
Alfred Marshall (1842–1924) English economist, professor at the University of Cambridge, founder of the Cambridge School of Economics.
An alternative approach investigates inverse functions demand (supply).
that is, the emphasis is on bid and ask prices for a given volume.
Let the real sales volume be below the equilibrium level, then the demand price, reflecting the willingness of buyers to purchase this product, will be higher than the supply price. This will encourage sellers to increase their sales.
Conversely, if the sales volume is above the equilibrium level, then the demand price will be less than the supply price.
This market situation will force sellers to reduce sales to the equilibrium point.
Fig. 6. a) Market equilibrium according to Marshall.
Market equilibrium according to Marshall (sales volume above market volume)
b) Market equilibrium according to Marshall.
Marshall equilibrium condition is the equality of the bid price to the bid price:
P d (Q) \u003d P s (Q)
Modern economic theory operates with functions of supply and demand according to Walras, that is, direct functions, and their graphs are depicted according to Marshall. Meanwhile, the duality in approaches has practically no effect on the results of the analysis of supply and demand.
The stability or instability of the market equilibrium can be analyzed using the so-called cobweb model.
This model assumes the following assumptions:
· The amount of demand depends on the prices of the current period, the amount of supply on the prices of the previous period.
Q d \u003d Q d (P t)
Q s \u003d Q s (P t - 1)
where is the time period
Supply and demand functions are linear,
Q d \u003d a - dP t - 1
Q s \u003d c + dP t - 1
where a, b, c, d - positive coefficients;
· The functions of supply and demand do not change over time.
Depending on the ratio of the absolute value of the tangent of the slope of the demand curve and the slope of the supply curve (the angle is determined with respect to the axis of the OP), stability or instability of market equilibrium will be determined.
Three cases are possible:
if, then any deviation from equilibrium will lead to an increase in price and volume fluctuations, increasingly moving the original position from the equilibrium point.
Fig. 7. a) Stability of market equilibrium
if, then any initial deviation leads to fluctuations in prices and volumes of the same amplitude;
b) Stability of market equilibrium
if, then the fluctuations will gradually fade, and the market equilibrium will be restored
c) Stability of market equilibrium
The cobweb-like model of market equilibrium can be sufficiently applied only to certain products, since it does not take into account a number of important factors (climatic conditions, changes in consumer demand). However, it shows the dependence of market performance on the supply response time and the shape of the supply and demand curve. Achieving a stable equilibrium does not mean a stop in the development of production, therefore, the stability of the market equilibrium is relative.
The established equilibrium prices do not always suit society. Government intervention can take the form of compulsory legislative fixing of prices. The consequences of government intervention in market prices depend on whether prices are fixed above or below the equilibrium point below equilibrium price (for socially significant goods, in order to prevent their excessive growth) - as a result, there is a shortage, above equilibrium price (protection of producers of any industry, agriculture) - excess supply, since the amount of demand is less than the amount of supply. This surplus is covered by government procurement, ultimately financed by taxes).
Introduction of a product tax... This measure can cause the supply curve to shift up to the left and establish a new higher equilibrium price, as well as a new lower equilibrium sales volume.
State subsidies. They cause the supply curve to shift downward to the right, establishing a new lower equilibrium price and a new larger equilibrium volume.
Solving typical tasks:
Problem 1
The firm's supply and demand on the market are described by the equations: Q d \u003d 200-5Р; Q s \u003d 50 + P. Determine the parameters of market equilibrium.
Decision:
Market equilibrium is achieved when the volumes of demand Q d and supply Q s are equal:
Substituting the supply and demand functions into equality, we get:
200 - 5P \u003d 50 + P
200 - 50 \u003d P + 5P
P \u003d 25
In order to determine the equilibrium volume, it is necessary to substitute the equilibrium price into the equation of supply or demand:
200 - 5 × 25 \u003d 75 units.
Thus, the equilibrium price is 25 den. units, and the equilibrium volume is 75 units.
Problem 2
Suppose that the demand curve is described by the equation Q d \u003d 400-P, and the supply curve is described by the equation Q s \u003d 100 + 2P. The government introduced a manufacturer tax of $ 15 per unit.
Define:
1. how the equilibrium price and volume of production will change;
2. what is the income of the state from the introduction of this tax;
3. to what extent consumers will be affected by the introduction of this tax.
Decision:
1. Determine the parameters of market equilibrium before the introduction of the tax:
400 - P d \u003d 100 + 2 (P d - 15)
3P d \u003d 330
P d \u003d 110 den. units
P s \u003d 110-15 \u003d 95 den. units
Q 1 \u003d 400 - 110 \u003d 290 units.
The parameters of the market equilibrium after the introduction of the tax are determined using the equations:
Q d \u003d 400 - P
Q s \u003d 100 + 2P
Q d \u003d Q s
P d - P s \u003d 15
The imposition of a tax on producers will reduce the net price they receive. The introduction of a tax on producers will not affect the purchase price P d, and the sales price will be equal to P s \u003d P d - 15. Having made all the necessary substitutions, we get:
400- P d \u003d 100 + 2 (P d - 15)
3 P d \u003d 330
P d \u003d $ 110
P s \u003d 110 - 15 \u003d $ 95
Q 1 \u003d 400 -110 \u003d 290 units.
After the introduction of the tax on producers, the equilibrium volume was 290 units, and the equilibrium price was 110 dollars.Thus, the equilibrium volume decreased by 10 units, while the equilibrium price increased by 10 dollars.
2. For each unit of goods sold, the state will receive 15 dollars. The total amount of taxes received by the state will be:
D g \u003d Q 1 × t \u003d 290 × 15 \u003d $ 4350.
3. With a tax on producers, each unit of goods costs consumers $ 10 more (before tax, the purchase price was $ 100, with a tax of $ 110). The portion of tax revenue paid by consumers will be:
Q 1 × 10 \u003d 290 × 10 \u003d $ 2900
Before the tax was introduced, the selling price was $ 100, and after the tax was introduced, it was $ 95. under the tax, producers receive $ 5 less for each unit sold. The portion of tax revenue paid by manufacturers will be:
Q 1 × 5 \u003d 290 × 5 \u003d $ 1450
Thus, when a tax on producers is introduced, buyers pay twice as much of the tax revenue as producers.
Problem 3
It is known that 30,000 fans will come to the Friendship match free of charge, and an increase in the ticket price for each ruble will reduce their number by 300 people. What price per ticket should organizers set if they want to maximize revenue?
A) 10 rubles. B) 30 rubles. C) 50 rubles. D) 100 rubles.
Decision:
The demand for tickets, depending on the price, is expressed by the function Qd \u003d 30,000 - 300p. The organizers' revenue is equal to the number of tickets sold multiplied by the ticket price, it must be maximized: (30000 - 300p) p → max Calculate the derivative and equate it to zero. 30,000 - 600p \u003d 0, p \u003d 50 rubles, q \u003d 30,000 - 300 × 50 \u003d 15,000. Answer: C. The ticket price is 50 rubles, while 15,000 fans will come to the match.
Task 4
Rank the goods according to the price elasticity of demand - for which of them the absolute elasticity will be minimal, for which more, even more and, finally, the largest: clothes, milk, salt, restaurant dishes. Explain the answer.
Decision:
Salt has the lowest elasticity in absolute terms, it is a basic commodity, there are no substitutes at all, the cost of salt occupies an extremely small share in the family budget, so even a sharp increase in price will practically not affect consumption. Slightly higher elasticity of milk - since the share of milk costs is slightly higher. Nevertheless, there are no adequate milk substitutes, and there will be no significant reduction in consumption even with a significant increase in prices. The elasticity of demand for clothing is even higher. When the price rises, many begin to buy clothes in cheaper stores or alter old things. The highest elasticity is found in restaurant dishes. When the price rises, most people are able to refuse this good.
Answer: salt, milk, clothing, restaurant dishes.
Problem 5
Analyze the impact of the events described below on the apple market. Indicate how the price and sales have changed.
1) Scientists have found that someone who eats at least one apple every day never gets sick.
2) The price of oranges has tripled.
3) Due to the drought, the apple harvest has sharply decreased.
Decision:
1) The statement of scientists stimulates an increase in demand for apples. Price and sales increase. 2) Since oranges and apples are substitute goods, after the price increase for oranges, many consumers switch to apples, therefore, the demand for them increases. Hence the price and sales volume increases. 3) A poor harvest means a decrease in the supply of apples. It follows from this that the sales volume will decrease and the price will increase.
a) costs of production and sale of products
b) fixed and variable costs
c) the cost of purchasing equipment
Fixed costs are costs of
a) salaries of management personnel, security, interest on loans, depreciation
equipment
b) wages of workers, security, cost of raw materials and equipment
c) remuneration of employees, depreciation of equipment, rent
d) raw materials, electricity, interest on the loan
An increase in a firm's variable costs can occur as a result of an increase in
a) interest rates on bank loans
b) local taxes
c) raw material prices
d) rent for the company's equipment
Average total costs are minimal when
a) they are equal to the marginal cost
b) the total output is minimal
c) the total production output is maximum
d) variable costs are minimal
Option number 8
Exercise 1.Describe the structure of production. Present the answer in the form of a table.
Task 2. To solve a problem.
The costs of the monopolist firm are described by the function The demand function for the firm's products is presented in the form, then the degree of its monopoly power (Lerner's coefficient) is ...
Task 3. To solve a problem.
During the reporting period, the volume of savings increased by 400 den. units, while disposable income increased by 1300 den. units Under these conditions, the multiplier of autonomous costs is ...
Task 4.Case-task.
The graph shows the function of supply and demand in a certain national market. It is known that the government has decided to set the highest possible price level.
a) The purpose of such intervention in the established market equilibrium can be….
Increasing the availability of goods for consumers
Reducing the likelihood of ruining sellers
Increased consumption of goods
Limiting the volume of consumption of goods
b) Markets are examples of markets that require such interventions in the established market equilibrium ...
Items made of precious metals
Public transport services
Task 5.
An example of a natural monopoly is
b) publishing house "Kommersant"
c) Moscow metro
d) the firm "Red October"
Unlike a competitive firm, a monopolist
a) can set any price for his product
b) maximizes profit when marginal revenue and marginal costs are equal
c) can produce any volume of products and sell them at any price
d) for a given market demand curve, he can choose a combination of price and volume
issue that maximizes profit
The only seller faced with many buyers
a) trades only in homogeneous goods
b) focuses on the needs of buyers
c) dictates prices
d) does not take into account the behavior of its customers
Anti-monopoly legislation is primarily aimed at ensuring
a) the prohibition of monopolies
b) economic freedom
c) equal conditions of competition
d) price regulation
In the market of monopolistic competition
a) an individual buyer can influence the price of a product
c) goods differ in performance and terms of sale
d) there is only one manufacturer
Option number 9
Exercise 1... Describe the forms and types of property. Present the answer in the form of a table.
| Varieties of forms of ownership | Character traits | Ownership and business forms | |||
| Private property | |||||
| Individual property (private labor) | |||||
| Capitalist private property | |||||
| Collective ownership | |||||
| Cooperative property | |||||
| Share ownership | |||||
| Partner property | |||||
| Public property | |||||
| State property | |||||
| Property of public organizations | |||||
Task 2. To solve a problem.
Income, expenses and savings of the consumer for two years are presented in the table.
Based on the data presented, we can say that the average propensity to save in 2009 was
Task 3. To solve a problem.
If the nominal GNI increased from 3500 billion. units up to 3850 billion den. units, and the price level for the same period increased by 4%, then the real GNI ...
Task 4.Case-task.
In the fitness services market, the functions of individual demand of two corporate consumers for subscriptions to a fitness club are as follows: Qd1 \u003d 90-2P; Qd2 \u003d 210-3P.
The function of the market supply of subscriptions has the form Qs \u003d -20 + 35P, where Qd1 and Qd2 are the demand of the first and second corporate consumers for a subscription per month (units), Qs is the supply of subscriptions per month (units), P is the price of a subscription (thous. rub.).
The market demand function Q D for subscriptions to a fitness club will look like ...
Task 5.Tests. Choose the correct answer.
Abstraction
Regulatory approach
10) On the graph, the initial market equilibrium corresponds to point A. If the price rises to the level of P \u003d 33, then the surplus of goods will be ...
about 10
7 = 31-24 = s2-d2
11) The chart shows the AD-AS (aggregate demand - aggregate supply) model.
Decline in aggregate demand in the long run ...
Has no price
Will reduce the real volume of production
Reduce prices
12) The chart shows the AD-AS model (aggregate demand - aggregate supply).
If the aggregate demand curve crosses the aggregate supply curve in the intermediate section, then the increase in aggregate demand….
Will not change the real volume of production
Will not change the price level
Will raise the price level
Will increase the real volume of production
will not change the volume of production
will reduce production
will lower the price level
will not change the price level
Task 20.1 The graph shows the function of supply and demand in a certain national market. It is known that the government has decided to set the highest possible price level.
The purpose of such intervention in the established market equilibrium can be….
Increasing the availability of goods for consumers
Reducing the likelihood of ruining sellers
Increased consumption of goods
Limiting the volume of consumption of goods
Back 20.2. Markets are examples of markets requiring such interventions in the established market equilibrium ...
Of bread
Items made of precious metals
Public transport services
Grains
Back. 20.3. As a result of the introduction of a price ceiling of CU 40 less than the equilibrium price, there will be a shortage of goods equal to 7 thousand pcs. (d-s \u003d 11-4 \u003d 7)
19) The figure shows a graphical model of the income and costs of a monopolist firm
Then the degree of its monopoly power (Lerner coefficient) will be:
- 0,5385 L \u003d (P - MC) / P \u003d (130-60) / 130 \u003d 0.5385
- 1,1667
Decision: Most often, to characterize the degree of market power, the Lerner coefficient is used, defined as the ratio of the excess of the price of a product over the marginal costs of its production and the price of the firm: 
, where P is the unit price, MC is the marginal cost.
It ranges from zero for perfect competition to one for monopoly. In this case, the optimal production volume (Q) for the firm is 35 thousand units, since the marginal revenue (MR) and marginal cost (MC) become equal (60 monetary units) for a given Q. This volume of production will be sold at the price 130 days units
19.1) The figure shows a graphical model of the income and costs of a monopolist firm (see above)
Then the monopoly profit at the optimal volume of production will be equal to ___ thousand. monetary units
+ 2450 = (200-130)*35
55) The figure shows a graphical model of the income and costs of a monopolist firm.
Then the degree of its monopoly power (Lerner coefficient) is ...
+ 0,4375
- 0,125
55.1) The figure shows a graphical model of the income and costs of a monopolist firm.
Then the monopoly profit at the optimal volume of production is equal to ___ thousand monetary units.
- 1600
55) The figure shows a graphical model of the income and costs of a monopolist firm:
Then the monopoly price for the optimal volume of production is \u003d 60 Decision:
Any firm, including a monopoly, optimizes output from the standpoint of maximizing profits when marginal revenue (MR) and marginal costs (MC) are equal. The optimal production volume and sales price are determined finding the point of intersection of the MR and MC graphs, but the price (P) is determined by the restoration from this point of the perpendicular up to the demand line, which is identical in this case to the price, and the volume of production (Q) - by lowering from this point of the perpendicular down to the horizontal coordinate axis.
In this case, the optimal price level for the firm is 60 den. units, since the marginal income and marginal costs become equal at Q \u003d 20 thousand pcs.
113) Based on the data on the inflation rate for three years, which amounted to 6.4 and 5.6 and 3.6%, respectively, we can conclude that inflation for the specified period was equal to ________%. \u003d (1 + 0.064) * (1 + 0.056) * (1 + 0.036) -1 \u003d 16.4%
+ 16,4
- 124, 7
5,2
10) Based on the data on the inflation rate for three years, which amounted to 3.4, 2.8 and 1.6%, respectively, we can conclude that inflation for the specified period was equal to ________%.
- 8
13) Based on the data on the volume of production of prices for goods, we can say that the consumer price index in 2012 was _________ monetary units. , if in 2011 we take as basic
0,998
1,035
1,077
1,113
114) In the early stages of economic development of society, when a person is completely dependent on the environment, he had a locally ... technological mode of production
Producing
Appropriating
Plain
Constant
oligopoly
monopoly
monopolistic competition
monopsony
6) In the market for factors of production, a capital good is understood ...
and. profit
b. value generating income
in. physical capital
d. money capital
The market price was set at 131 thousand rubles. per item. The company is characterized in the calendar period by the relationship between the volume of production (pieces), variable and fixed costs (thousand rubles) (data in the table)
This figure refers to a type of structure such as 
Oligopoly
Monopoly
Monopolistic competition
Perfect competition
The market price was set at 131 thousand rubles. per unit of goods. the company is characterized in a calendar period by the relationship between the volume of production (units), variable and fixed costs (thousand rubles) (data in the table)
According to the table, the size of the maximum possible profit of the company is
Answer: 1179 – 100 – 780 = 299
62) National economic systems have a lot in common with each other, but at the same time they differ in many ways. The development of economic systems is largely determined by scientific and technological progress, which is reflected in the level of development of productive forces. Accordingly, distinguish between pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial countries.
Industry is the leading sector of the economy in _____________ economic systems.
Closed
+ industrial
Open
Postindustrial
63) National economic systems have a lot in common with each other, but at the same time they differ in many ways. The development of economic systems is largely determined by scientific and technological progress, which is reflected in the level of development of productive forces. Accordingly, distinguish between pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial countries.
In post-industrial economies, the main production resources are ...
Capital
- information
+ knowledge
64) National economic systems have a lot in common with each other, but at the same time they differ in many ways. The development of economic systems is largely determined by scientific and technological progress, which is reflected in the level of development of productive forces. Accordingly, distinguish between pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial countries.
Establish a correspondence between the types of national economic systems and countries, depending on the level of development of production forces in them.
1. Preindustrial economy
2. Industrial economy
3. Post-industrial economy
3) Netherlands
Greenland
1) Tanzania
2) Azerbaijan
112 National defense is an example of a _____ good.
Mixed private
Clean public
Mixed public
Purely private
113) The impossibility of meeting the needs of all members of society at the same time and in full is defined in economic theory as ...
1) limited resources
2) excessive needs
3) dominance of pseudo-needs
4) lack of natural resources
39) The inability of sellers, when demand changes, to increase or decrease the amount of sales in a situation of the shortest equilibrium is explained by the fact that the supply is ...
Elastic
Inelastic
+ absolutely inelastic
Absolutely elastic
The immovable character is a characteristic of the factor of production ...
+ Earth
- Capital
40) Uncertain market barriers to entry into the industry are characteristic of ...
Monopoly
Oligopolies
Monopolistic competition
+ Perfect competition
41) Insurmountable market barriers to entry into the industry are typical for ...
Monopolistic competition
Oligopolies
+ monopolies
Perfect competition
87 Unexpected inflation leads to a redistribution of wealth from ...
States to business
+ Spheres of production to trade
Borrowers to Lenders
Lenders to borrowers
13) The opposite indicator of the economic efficiency of the use of fixed capital is….
Return on assets
Materialism
Material efficiency
Capital intensity
18) The general pattern of sectoral shifts in the economy is a noticeable ...
Decline in the share of the service sector
Increase in the share of extractive industries
- decrease in the share of extractive industries
- an increase in the share of the service sector
19 A society in which industrial relations are based on the use of information as a factor of production is called ...
Humanistic
Industrial
Instrumental
Postindustrial
132) Social relations that develop in the process of reproduction are manifested in the form ..
Material and technical ties
Organizational and economic relations
+ socio-economic relations
Substance-energy sacred
123) The general subject of research of mercantilists, physiocrats and classics is ...
Achieving general macroeconomic equilibrium
Study of economic institutions
Search for the reasons for the wealth of society
Monetary circulation and the fight against inflation
132) The object of purchase and sale in the financial capital market is ...
Securities
Machinery and equipment
Raw materials and supplies
Rights of disposal of valuables
133) The amount of investment directly depends on .. (at least 2 options)
+ real national income
+ real interest rate
Euro exchange rate
The amount of rent
75) The amount of investment does not depend on ...
Expected net profit margin
Economic expectations
Real interest rate
+ national currency rate
123) The volume of family savings in the year before last amounted to 6400 den. units, in the past - 6800 den. units If it is known that the marginal propensity to consume is 0.6, then the increase in disposable income was ______ den. units \u003d (6800-6400) / (1-0.6) \u003d 1000
124) The volume of savings last year amounted to 500 monetary units. At the end of the current year (for the same period), savings increased by 150 monetary units. If the average propensity to save is 50%, the disposable income is ____ monetary units.
300
1300
78) The object of the modern labor market is ...
Ability to work
Employer
Wage
Employee
58) The volume of savings last year amounted to 460 den. units At the end of the current year (for the same period), savings increased by 49 den. units If the average propensity to save is 40%, then the current period's disposable income is ___________ monetary units.
+ 203,6 aps \u003d s / y
- 1027,5
94) One of the reasons for the existence of a natural level of unemployment is
Developed labor market infrastructure
Sustainability of wages
Lack of structural changes in the economy
