Classify All human activities it is not possible, however, it is possible to single out the main types of activity inherent in all people. They correspond to general needs and are found in almost all people without exception. There are three types of activity that are genetically replacing each other and coexisting throughout life:.
Within the framework of the active approach, the authors define the concept of "leading activity" - as an activity in which the emergence and formation of basic psychological new formations occurs at one stage or another of its development and the foundations are laid for the transition to a new leading activity.
Each age has its own leading activity, which basically determines the dynamics of development in a given life period.
When a child is born, he immediately engages in play activities, then, growing up, he is included in educational activities, and as an adult begins to.
These types of human activities differ in the end results (product of activity), in the organization, in the characteristics of motivation.
The game is organized freely, unregulated. It is very difficult to regulate the content of the game, the involvement of the child in it, the termination of the game. The child usually moves from one game to another by himself.
Learning and labor proceed in organizational forms obligatory for a person. At a precisely set time, work begins and during it, in accordance with the plan and the specified productivity, the products of labor are produced. The same picture is observed in teaching. Classes begin according to the schedule, and throughout the lesson the student is engaged in this particular subject.
Various forms of organization of human activities are associated with their different motivation. The motive of play is the pleasure that the child experiences from the very process of play.
The main motive for learning and work is a sense of duty, a sense of responsibility. These higher feelings are no less a strong stimulus for activity than interest. However, both in learning and in work, one should arouse a person's interest in the very process of activity or in its results.
Various types of activities complement each other, coexist, interpenetrate.
A game. Play is a type of unproductive activity, where the motive lies not as a result of it, but in the process itself. The game accompanies humanity throughout its history. Children start playing from the moment they are born. Games become more difficult with age. For children, games are predominantly educational. In adults, play is not a leading activity, but a means of communication and relaxation.
There are several types of games: individual, group, subject, story, role-playing and rule-based games.
Individual games are a type of activity when one person is engaged in the game.
Group games - several individuals are involved in the activity.
Object games are associated with the inclusion of any objects in the game activity.
Narrative games are game activities according to a specific scenario.
Role-playing games are human behavior limited to a certain role that a person takes on in the game.
Games with rules is a game activity regulated by a certain system of rules of behavior of their participants.
These types of games can be mixed: subject-role-playing, plot-role-playing, plot with rules.
At first, the child's play activity is objective. However, the need to master the system of human relationships and the desire to participate in them lead the growing up child to the use of games with increasing mental content. Children begin to play role-playing and narrative-role-playing games, which require from them much more knowledge about the imaginary objects involved in the game, and cause deeper experiences. This is the developing force of this type of games.
With age, games are replaced by more serious occupations and work. However, even here the game does not disappear completely.
Teaching. Learning is an activity whose purpose is to acquire knowledge, skills, etc. Learning can be both organized in special institutions and unorganized and carried out spontaneously, in conjunction with other activities.
In there are two sides: the activity of the teacher and the activity of the student (teaching). At school, a child not only adopts a set of knowledge, abilities and skills, but, no less important, he learns to live, understand life in all its complexity and take part in it.
The driving force behind learning is the contradiction between what the child knows and what he wants or needs to know. So, for example, in infancy, manipulation of objects and toys allows the child to learn how to use them in accordance with the intended purpose. The child learns most of the actions according to the pattern. In one case, the child sees how adults act and reproduces them himself. In another, adults specifically show the techniques of action and help to master them. Usually, the independent mastery of samples by children is much greater than those that they master on the initiative and with the help of adults. There is a close connection between play and learning, a constant transition of play and learning into each other, the inclusion of elements of one activity in another.
Learning as a world and play are inextricably linked from the very first days of a child's life.
Work. Labor occupies a special place in the human system. Labor is an activity aimed at transforming material and non-material objects and adapting them to meet human needs.
Play and learning are just preparation for work and originated from work, since it is work that is the decisive condition for the formation of a person, her abilities, mental, moral qualities, her consciousness. In work, those personal qualities of a person develop, which in his process are certainly and constantly manifested by him. Labor develops physical strength: the ability to endure great physical exertion, muscle strength, endurance, agility, mobility.
By the nature of the main efforts expended, labor activity can be divided into several types:
- physical work;
- intellectual work;
- spiritual work.
In theory and in practice, in fact, it is physical labor that is understood to the greatest extent under labor.
Physical labor can be classified as follows:
- self-service work (keeping the dwelling, clothing, workplace in order, preparing food for oneself, etc.);
- household family work;
- productive labor.
Self-service work is mastered earlier than others in childhood and accompanies a person throughout his life.
Household family labor is more prolonged work, more complex in content and requiring more effort. Often, it can only be conditionally separated from self-service labor. The main sign of its allocation is doing work not for yourself or not only for yourself.
Productive labor takes on a mass character, in which handicraft labor (using the simplest machines, tools, equipment) and industrial labor (the highest form of productive labor) are distinguished.
Intellectual work. Mental work (and only it) allows a person to know the world and his place in it.
Spiritual work - this type of work can also include work on self-improvement, on constant self-control, reflection.
Only in work - physical, intellectual and spiritual - does a person become a person.
Activities - specific conscious human activity aimed at cognition and creative change of the surrounding world and oneself in accordance with actual needs and goals. The main feature of activity is that it cannot be determined only by those needs and motives that generate it. The need itself can act as an incentive to activity, and its content will be determined by the level of knowledge, skills, goals of society, and individual experience.
In contact with
Human traits
The activity of the individual is very different from the activity of animals, since it has a creative and transformative character. If you need to give a definition of a person's activity on an exam, then it is important to understand its features in order to clearly formulate the concept.
She has such features:
Main components
In order to fully understand the complexity and specificity of human activity, you need to understand its main components:
- Subject - an individual who performs actions.
- An object - what the actions and activity of the subject are directed to. The object can be any material (making a product), another individual (impact in order to change beliefs) or the subject himself (training in the gym in order to change himself).
There are also components that form the structure of the activity.:
Human needs
The famous American psychologist A. Maslow has developed a "pyramid of human needs"... He divides all human needs into primary (physiological, the need for safety and security) and secondary (social needs, respect, self-realization). Primary needs are basic for the survival of an individual, if they are not satisfied, then the transition to meeting needs from the upper layers of the pyramid is impossible. Secondary needs are acquired in the process of a person's social life, their satisfaction occurs during the interaction of individuals in interpersonal communication.
Activity motives
Based on the needs, the motives of the subject are formed, pushing him to activity. Complex activities can carry many motives. In such cases, a hierarchy of motives is formed, in which the dominant (main) and secondary motives are determined.
The motive can be formed under the influence of one or several needs, which pass through the prism of interests, beliefs, traditions, attitudes of the individual:
- Interest is the main reason for action. Different social groups may have identical needs, but different interests. For example, entrepreneurs and people of art: the first group has material interests, and the second - spiritual; the need for both groups is common, but the ways to achieve it are different. In addition, each person has interests that are formed under the influence of the environment, inclinations, level of development (people can read books of different genres or engage in different types of creativity).
- Traditions are a set of rituals, attitudes from previous generations, which manifests itself in religion, national rituals, professional and corporate characteristics. Sometimes people, following tradition, can limit their basic needs. For example, soldiers in war can limit their need for security because professional and national traditions demand the protection of their country.
- Beliefs are principled and firm views on events and the world around them that can force the subject to abandon basic needs in favor of what he considers right (giving up money to maintain dignity).
Defining the goal
Human motivation determines the formation of goals and results. The individual can create an internal plan of action, on the basis of which they will be carried out in a certain order to obtain a specific result. When the subject begins to do something, he keeps in mind the image of the desired result. That is, before creating something in reality, the individual creates it in his imagination.
Since human activities are often complex, goals are also divided into simple and complex. To achieve a complex goal, you need to plan your activity, break it down into steps, highlight tasks, identify tools for action and possible ways to overcome obstacles. If all tasks are solved during the manipulations, then the goal will be achieved.
Individuals can have common needs, goals and go to achieve the same results, however, when using different means and performing different actions, the content of the activity will be very different.
Types of actions
There are such types of social actions identified by M. Weber:
- goal-oriented - with such actions, a person plans all tasks and means, thinks over ways to overcome obstacles (preparing a teacher for a lecture);
- value-rational - this type of action is based on moral principles, values, beliefs (the decision to save the life of another person, risking his own life);
- affective - spontaneous actions under the influence of strong emotional states (flight when attacked);
- traditional - actions that a person performs out of habit can be developed on the basis of rituals or traditions (sequence of actions at a wedding ceremony).
The basis for active human actions are the first two types of actions, which are characterized by awareness of the goal and creative character.
Forms of activity
There are two main forms of activity of the subject, different in the nature of the functions performed:
- Physical work - carried out with the activation of the musculoskeletal system, muscles and all functional systems of the body. With this form of activity, very high energy costs and body fatigue.
- Brainwork - implies intellectual activity for performing work related to information processing. With this form of activity, the tension of all mental processes increases: attention, memory, thinking, imagination.
Typically, a person's actions include both forms of activity.... There are many examples of human activity in which physical and mental labor are combined: actions with the aim of modifying the surrounding space, performing work on creating creative objects, and others. Let's take a closer look: in order to plant a tree, you must first think over the course of action, get all the necessary materials for this, and then, with the help of physical efforts, perform this action.
There are many activities that a person engages in throughout his life. But which of them are called the main ones and why? These include play, learning, communication, work and creativity. They are the main ones, because it is in them that the most intensive and effective development of the individual takes place.
This is a specific type of human activity, the purpose of which is not a result, but a process. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that all actions take place in an imaginary situation that can change rapidly. Children use substitute objects that are analogous to what adults use in real life.
The game develops mental processes, attention, social activity and the acquisition of interpersonal skills. There are different types of games that occur at certain age periods, subject to the normal development of the child.
This is one of the basic types of interaction, which is characterized by the mutual exchange of emotions, thoughts, views... The structural components of communication are the subject (initiator of communication), the goal (what the communication takes place for), content (information that is transmitted), means (methods of transmitting information; pictures, audio, video, sensory organs can be used) and the recipient of information.
Communication is a structural component of any purposeful activity, while the activity itself is a condition for the emergence of communication.
The purpose of this type of activity is the acquisition of knowledge, abilities and skills by the subject. Learning can be specially organized or spontaneous (gaining knowledge and experience while performing other actions). And also there is such a form of teaching as self-education.
Labor is the purposeful activity of an individual, the purpose of which is to obtain a specific result.... Labor is impossible without a certain level of knowledge, skills and craftsmanship. This purposeful activity helps develop personality and transform the environment.
Creation
Creativity is a person's activity that generates something new that did not exist before. It can be a stand-alone activity or a component of another activity. This is a common activity for all children. When a person grows up, he already has certain abilities and talents that develop and manifest in creativity.
Depending on what result the individual's actions are directed to, there are:
Based on the number of subjects and objects of activity, individualand collectiveactivity. By influence on social progress, it is customary to divide progressive(develops society) and reactionaryactivity. The following types of activities are also distinguished: legaland illegal, reproductive(creation by pattern) and creative(creating something new), extraversional(physical actions) and introversion(thinking, fantasy, feelings).
Purposeful human activity is fundamentally different from the behavioral activity of animals, since it is his mode of existence. The behavior of animals is regulated by instincts and is a means of adaptation to changing environmental conditions.
Human behavior is a conscious activity that is aimed at transforming the world around us. An example of this is setting a goal, developing an internal action plan, and anticipating the result of this activity.
The very existence of a person is a constant creation and development, a change in oneself and the outside world to create better conditions for life and satisfy one's needs. Human activity is characterized by awareness, the presence of an internal action plan, which is subsequently implemented when performing the assigned tasks. Another important difference between human behavior and animal behavior is that the activity of an individual is not always associated with basic motives and can very often come into conflict with them. you will find the answer here.
Activity is exclusively human activity that is regulated by consciousness. It is generated by needs, and is aimed at transforming the surrounding world, as well as its knowledge.
A person, using his motives and needs, one way or another transforms the external environment, and this process is creative. At this time, he becomes a subject, and what he masters and transforms becomes an object.
In this article, we will look at the main people, as well as their forms, but before we start this, there are a few points that need to be clarified.
- activities are inextricably linked: the essence of a person is manifested in his activities. Inactive people do not exist in the same way as activity itself without a person.
- Human activity is aimed at transforming the environment. B is able to organize such living conditions himself so that he is comfortable. For example, instead of collecting plants or catching animals every day for food, he grows them.
- Activity is a creative act. Man creates something new: cars, food, even new species of plants.
Basic human and structure
There are three types of human activity: play, work and learning. They are the main ones, and his activities are not limited only to these types.
There are 6 structural components of activity, which are formed in a hierarchical order. First, a need for activity arises, then a motive is formed, which is clothed in a brighter and more specific form in the form of a goal. After that, a person is looking for means that can help him achieve what he wants, and, after finding, he begins an action, the final stage of which is the result.
human: labor
There is a separate science that is aimed at studying human working conditions and optimizing his work.
Work includes such activities that are aimed at obtaining practical benefits. Work requires knowledge, skills and abilities. Moderate work has a good effect on the general condition of a person: he thinks faster and is guided in new areas, and also gains experience, thanks to which he is able to further more complex activities.
It is believed that labor is certainly a conscious activity in which a person interacts with the outside world. Any work is expedient and requires a focus on results.
Human activities: learning
Teaching has one main goal - the acquisition of knowledge or skills. This type allows a person to start more complex work that requires special training. Teaching is both organized, when a person consciously goes to school, enters a university, where he is taught by professionals, and disorganized, when a person gains knowledge in the form of experience in the process of work. Self-education is a separate category.
Human activities: play
To put it simply, this is relaxation. A person needs him, because the game allows you to relax the nervous system and psychologically distract from serious topics. Games also contribute to development: for example, active games teach dexterity, and intellectual ones develop thinking. Modern computer games (action) improve concentration and attention.
Forms of human activity
There are many forms of human activity, but they are divided into two main groups: mental and physical labor.
Consists of information processing. The process requires increased attention, good memory and flexible thinking.
Physical labor requires a lot of energy, since muscles are involved in its process, there is a load on the musculoskeletal system, as well as the cardiovascular system.
Thus, we can conclude that activity is a necessary and unique vital parameter that contributes to human development.
There are different classifications of activities:
1. By the way of implementation:
- Practical activities(transformation of objects of nature and society). It includes material and production activities (transformation of nature) and social transformation (transformation of society);
- spiritual activities,associated with a change in the consciousness of people. It includes:
Cognitive activity (reflection of reality in artistic and scientific form, in myths and religious teachings);
Value-oriented activity (people's attitude to the phenomena of the surrounding world, the formation of their worldview);
Predictive activity (planning and anticipation of possible changes in reality).
2. By the nature of human activity:
Creative activity - the production of material and spiritual values;
Destructive activity - a negative impact on nature (environmental pollution) and society (wars, invasions, etc.).
3. By creative role in social development:
Reproductive activity - aimed at obtaining a certain result of labor;
Productive activity is the production of new ideas, ways to achieve goals.
4. Depending on the compliance with general cultural values \u200b\u200band social norms:
Legal and illegal;
Moral and immoral.
5. Depending on the novelty of goals, results, means:
Monotonous, stereotyped, monotonous;
Innovative, inventive, creative.
6. Depending on the public areas in which the activity takes place
Economic (industrial, consumer, etc.);
Political (state, military, international, etc.);
Social;
Spiritual (scientific, educational, leisure, etc.)
7. By the way a person is formed as a person:
- a game;
Communication.
Work- expedient social human activity aimed at transforming the environment and achieving a socially useful result. A distinctive feature of labor activity is the originality of its motives. Labor is always aimed at achieving programmed results, anticipated results. Labor, as an expedient activity, began with the manufacture of tools. The availability of tools and special training is a specific feature of a person's labor activity. Only people are able to act on the environment with the help of specially created means of labor. Success requires skill, skill, knowledge. In any work activity, its participants solve some specific problem, plan their actions, and anticipate the result.
A game- the primary type of human activity, an imaginary representation of reality in artificially modeled situations. The main motive is not as a result, but in the process itself. Games are often in the nature of entertainment, with the goal of obtaining relaxation. Some forms of game activity acquire the character of rituals, educational and training sessions, sports hobbies. The most essential feature of play activity is its two-dimensionality:
On the one hand, the player performs a real action;
On the other hand, actions are conditional. The game in its developed form includes the roles that the players take on. The role is compliance with the accepted (conditional) norms of behavior in the game situation.
Being engaged in any activity, a person learns something, and, therefore, we change ourselves. goal teachings- the acquisition of knowledge and mastery of the methods of action necessary for successful interaction with the world.
In the process of joint work, people communicate with each other, exchange practical experience and methods of activity, i.e. are situated in communication.
In modern domestic science, there are different points of view on how activities and communication are related:
1) these concepts are identified;
2) activity and communication are opposed to each other;
3) communication is considered, along with activity, as an independent, but equal phenomenon.
The first point of view is often presented in textbooks.
Communicationis a process of interconnection and interaction of people and social groups, during which there is an exchange of information, experience, and results of activities. In the world of communication, the subject interacts not with the object, but the subject.
Depending on the variety of subjects, the following types of communication are distinguished:
Communication between real subjects (two people);
Communication of a real subject with an illusory partner (communication with an animal),
Communication of a real subject with an imaginary partner (internal dialogue);
Communication of imaginary partners (artistic characters).
All activities are interconnected and in everyday life it is difficult to separate them from each other. So, in the process of labor, a person can communicate with a partner, arranging a game in the form of a competition, learning new skills, and in this process gain fundamentally new knowledge about the world, learning its laws. A number of scientists identify as a type of activity, along with work, play, communication and cognition(teaching in this case is interpreted as a particular type of cognition).
Activities - a way of a person's relationship to the outside world, which consists in transforming and subordinating it to human goals.
Human activity has a certain resemblance to the activity of an animal, but differs in a creative and transformative attitude towards the surrounding world.
Characteristic features of human activity:
Conscious character: a person deliberately puts forward goals of activity and foresees its results, thinks over the most expedient ways to achieve them.
Productive character: is aimed at obtaining the result (product).
Transformative character: a person changes the world around him (affects the environment with specially created means of labor that enhance the physical capabilities of a person) and himself (a person retains his natural organization unchanged, at the same time changing his way of life).
Public character:a person in the process of activity, as a rule, enters into a variety of relationships with other people.
The activities are based on human needs.
Motive (from lat. movere - set in motion, push) - a set of internal and external conditions that cause the activity of the subject and determine the direction of the activity (for example, needs, interests, social attitudes, beliefs, drives, emotions, ideals).
Purpose of activity - this is a conscious image of the result to achieve which the human action is directed.
Material activity is the creation of material values \u200b\u200band things that are necessary to meet human needs. It includes material and production activities, associated with the transformation of nature, and socially transformative activities, associated with the transformation of society.
Spiritual activity associated with a change in people's consciousness, the creation of scientific, artistic, moral values \u200b\u200band ideas. It includes cognitive, value-oriented and predictive activities.
Cognitive activity reflects reality in scientific and artistic form, as well as in myths, legends, religious teachings.
Value orientation activity - This is the formation of a person's worldview and his relationship to the world around him.
Predictive activity represents foresight and conscious planning of changes in existing reality.
There are various criteria for classifying activities:
by objects and results of activity - creation of material goods or cultural values;
by subject of activity - individual and collective;
by the nature of the activity itself - for example, reproductive or creative;
for legal compliance - legal and illegal;
according to moral standards - moral and immoral;
in relation to social progress - progressive and reactionary;
by spheres of public life - economic, social, political, spiritual.
The main types of human activities:
A game- this is a special type of activity, the purpose of which is not the production of any material product, but the process itself is entertainment, rest. Play, like art, offers a certain solution in the conventional sphere, which can be used in the future as a kind of model of the situation. The game makes it possible to simulate specific life situations.
Teaching - type of activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and abilities by a person The peculiarities of teaching are that it serves as a means of human psychological development. Learning can be organized and unorganized (self-education).
Communication is a type of activity in which ideas and emotions are exchanged (joy, surprise, anger, suffering, fear, etc.). By the means used, the following types of communication are distinguished: direct and mediated, direct and indirect, verbal and non-verbal.
Work - type of activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result. Characteristic features of labor: expediency, focus on achieving a specific result, practical usefulness, transformation of the external environment.
Creation - it is a kind of activity that generates something qualitatively new, which has never existed before. The most important mechanisms of creative activity are: 1) combination of already existing knowledge; 2) imagination, that is, the ability to create new sensory or mental images; 3) fantasy, which is characterized by the brightness and originality of the created representations and images; 4) intuition - knowledge, the methods of obtaining which are not realized.
QUESTIONS:
1. Establish a correspondence between the types of activities and their characteristics: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
2. Read the text below where a number of words are missing.
“The simplest, most accessible type of activity is _______________ (A). She wears the conditional __________________ (B) and realizes the child's need for activity and for knowledge of the world around him based on the assimilation of human forms of behavior. A more complex type of activity is ___________________ (B), aimed at assimilating scientific knowledge and acquiring relevant skills and abilities. The most important type of human activity is __________________ (D). It provides not only the existence of a human ___________________ (E), but is also a condition for its continuous _______________ (E). Among its types distinguish between subject-practical and abstract-theoretical, or the first is often called physical, and the second - mental. "
In the list below, words are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once.
Choose one word after another in sequence, mentally filling in each gap. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the blanks.
1) culture
2) character
6) globalization
7) development
8) society
9) sign
3, 2, 4, 5, 8, 7
3. It is believed that the French enlighteners Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Diderot played an important role in the preparation of the Great French Revolution of the 18th century. What type of activity can be attributed to the "work" of French educators? Describe this activity.
It is about value-oriented activity.
4. (1−4). Read the text and complete assignments 1-4.
It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end. (…) The machine is not the target. The plane is not a target, it is just a weapon. The same tool as the plow.
(…) Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we built railways, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created for this, to serve people. (...)
Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more and more modestly and invisibly. It seems as if all the works of man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over drawings only appear in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed, so that the column, the keel of a ship or the fuselage of an aircraft became more and more slender and chased, until they finally found the pristine purity and smoothness of lines (...). It seems as if the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to grind and smooth, to facilitate and simplify the fastening mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but a certain perfection of forms that naturally developed from the kidney , a mysteriously cohesive and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing more to add, but when nothing can be taken away. A machine at the limit of its development is almost no longer a machine.
So, according to the invention, brought to perfection, it is not visible how it was created. In the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we had an object, as if created by nature itself, like a pebble turned by the sea; the car is also remarkable - using it, you gradually forget about it.
(A. de Saint-Exupery. "Planet of the people")
1) Find in the text any three examples of human transformative activity.
2) Indicate and illustrate with the help of this text any two distinguishing features of human activity.
3) Can the process of human labor to create machines, captured in the document, be called creative? Argument your answer with text. Give a definition of creative activity.
4) What is the ultimate goal of human transformative activity in the opinion of the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.
1. Three examples of human transformative activity:
construction of railways;
construction of factories;
oil well drilling.
2. Two distinctive features of human activity:
practical utility ("... a machine is not a target. An airplane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as a plow.");
transforming character (“in the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we had an object, as if created by nature itself, like a pebble turned by the sea”).
3. 1) An affirmative answer is given.
Argumentation of the answer:
2) The author describes the emergence of the results of a new, more perfect quality of objects as a result of human labor (“It seems that the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to grind and smooth, to facilitate and simplify the fastening mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - is no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but a kind of perfection of forms that naturally developed from a bud, a mysteriously fused and harmonious unity that is akin to a beautiful poem ”).
3) Creative activity is an activity as a result of which something new appears, which did not previously exist in nature.
4. The ultimate goal of human transformational activity, according to the author, is the pursuit of perfection: "As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing to add, but when nothing can be taken away." Your opinion and your explanation.
