The Birds Test
Option 1
one"
five-fingered limb
rib cage
keel on sternum
2 In which chamber of the heart does the pulmonary circulation begin?
left atrium 3) right atrium
left ventricle 4) right ventricle
3 Which ducts of the gland fall into the cesspool?
pancreas 3) sebaceous
genital 4) coccygeal
4 In breathing in birds takes part
chest 3) pectoral muscle
oral cavity 4) keel
5. The annual life cycle of migratory birds is composed of periods (select the full set of stages):
1) wintering, breeding 3) breeding, preparing for winter, wintering
2). Nesting, molting, wintering 4) spring migration, nesting, molting, autumn migration, wintering
6 What characteristic is characteristic of Birds and Reptiles?
Warmblood 3) air bags
chest 4) modified forelimb
7 Which group of organisms is considered the closest ancestor of modern birds?
flying dinosaurs 3) archeopteryx
protoavis 4) stegocephalus
8. What part of the bird egg is the source of water for the development of the chick embryo?
cords 3) protein
yolk 4) air chamber
9 Choose three correct answers from six. What signs distinguish Birds from other Vertebrate animals?
closed circulatory system
double breath
use of atmospheric oxygen for breathing
air bags
outgrowth of the sternum - keel
6) internal fertilization
10.
FEATHER BIRD COVER
The basis of the plumage of birds is ______ ______ (A) feathers. They create a body shape. The feathers located on the tail are called _____ (B), and those located along the edges of the wings are called ___________________ (C). In the structure of the pen, a part is distinguished, which is formed by beards of the first and second orders; this is _______________ (G). The part of the pen immersed in the skin is called the ochin.
The list of terms:
flywheel 5) contour
fan 6) steering
core 7) down
epidermis
A 2) B 3) C 4) D
12 .
BirdEnvironmental group
Owl
Forest
Stork
1) riverbank 3) swamp
2) taiga 4) floodplain meadow
13 . What is the adaptation of birds to flight?
1) five sections of the spine 3) the shoulder girdle
2) thin dry skin 4) the presence of tarsus
14. inwhich chamber of the heart originates a large circle of blood circulation?
1) left atrium 3) right atrium
2) the left ventricle 4) the right ventricle
15. U birds performs the function of grinding food
1) beak 3) intestines
2) esophagus 4) muscular stomach
16. Which of the following birds belong to the order Falconiformes?
kestrel 3) vakhir
black grouse4) is desirable
17. Long, thin legs and neck are an adaptation for food in
the forest
the air
water
the soil
TERMS
Muscle stomach -
Goiter -
Tarsus -
Pteria -
Roaming birds
Brood birds
Outline -
Bird Class
The Birds Test
Option - 2
The role of air bags is manifested
in flight 3) when swimming
calm movement on the ground 4) when warming the chicks
What trait distinguishes Birds from Reptiles?
the presence of a chest 3) proliferation of the sternum in the keel
internal fertilization 4) blood movement in a closed vascular system
Second-order barbs in the contour of the bird are connected to the first-order barbs with
discharge of the coccygeal gland 3) discharge of the skin
bonding with horny substance 4) hooks
Which reproductive organ is underdeveloped in birds due to flight?
oviduct3) left testis
vas deferens4) right ovary
Choose three correct answers from six. The presence of what signs distinguishes Birds from Reptiles ?
trachea and bronchi 4) fast digestion of food
pulmonary respiration5) double breathing
3) cesspools 6) high metabolic rate
6. Insert the missing terms from the proposed list into the text using the numeric notation.
RESPIRATORY BIRD SYSTEM
The lungs of birds are dense spongy bodies.
(A) entering them strongly branch. Some of them end with vesicles densely braided by capillaries, and some of their branches extend beyond the lungs and form ____________ (B). When the wings rise, the sternum moves away from the spine, ________ (B) expands and inspiration occurs. When the wings are lowered, it contracts and an exhalation occurs. When flying, the bird's body is supplied with oxygen due to __________ (D) respiration.
The list of terms:
simple 5) air bag
trachea 6) chest
bronchus 7) double
larynx
Arrange the names of systematic units in the order of their subordination, starting with the largest.
Anseriformes3) Swans
Birds4) The swan is black
8. Which of the following birds belong to the order Anseriformes?
mallard Duck 3) Peregrine Falcon
lapwing 4) dove
The simplest nests are built by birds nesting
in hollows 3) between tree branches
on the ground 4) near the water
A likely ancestor of birds is considered
protoavis 3) ichthyostegus
archeopteryx 4) stegocephalus
Where do waders live?
on trees 3) along the coasts of rivers and lakes
in forests 4) in open steppe spaces
Life is connected to tree trunks
swift 3) sparrows
peregrine falcon 4) nuthatch
Which group of birds has a well-developed goiter serving to soften food?
Insectivorous 3) Grain-eating
Scavengers 4) Carnivores
Swift and easy flight provide
large, compact body, short tail
long, narrow wings, notched tail
long neck, small head, short tail
4) hard sharp wings and short legs
There is a connection between the bird and the ecological group, to which it belongs referred to in the columns of the table below.
Environmental group
City swallow
Open air spaces
Steppe
What concept should be entered at the place of the pass in this table?
1) hazel grouse 3) bustard
2) pika; 4) sandpiper
16. What feature does Archeopteryx testify to its resemblance to birds?
outer skeleton 3) eye
tsevki4) teeth
17. Shortened wide wings, long tail contribute to the flight
in the steppe
in the forest
above the water
in field
TERMS:
Nesting birds -
Sedentary birds -
Chalaz -
Extrapolation -
Predictions -
Glandular stomach -
Kiel -
Aptheria -
All these birds are running and use their underdeveloped forelimbs for balance. The wings of the penguins took the form of fins, and on the legs there are membranes that allow them to swim superbly. Penguins live off the coast of Antarctica and are able to withstand the most severe frosts that occur on Earth (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. King Penguins ()
Bones of birds are light and strong, many are filled with air. The skeleton is rigid, the neck is flexible and mobile. With its help, it is easy for birds to build nests, clean feathers, and obtain food. The neck for birds is similar in function to the human hand.
A unique feature of birds is their plumage. Only they have feathers, for which they are also called feathered. The feathers of birds are different: some cover the body and help the birds fly, others protect them from the cold (such feathers are soft and fluffy). Waterfowl feathers are coated with grease. This helps the birds to dive and always stay dry. The feathers of the wings and tail help the birds fly and change direction in the air, for which they are called fly and tail. Feathers of birds naturally differ not only in size but also in color. In scarlet ibis, red feathers (Fig. 5), in the blue nightingale, the upper part of the body is covered with blue feathers (Fig. 6), in the black swan - black (Fig. 7), in the peacock - large feathers of the overwing that shimmer with all the colors of the rainbow (fig. . eight).
Fig. 5. Scarlet ibis ()
Fig. 6. Blue Nightingale ()
Fig. 7. Black Swan ()
Feathers protect birds from bruises, from the cold, retain heat and help fly. The type and size of its feathers also depends on the lifestyle of the bird. The owl's feathers are soft and fluffy, they help her fly, although not quickly, but almost silently (Fig. 9).
Fig. 9. Owl in flight ()
At the hawk, the feathers are shorter and close to the body, which helps it move rapidly (Fig. 10).
Feathers help woodpeckers not only fly, but also to sit, clinging tightly to the tree trunk (Fig. 11).
Albatrosses soar on narrow and long wings, which allows them to save energy and not to flap wings for hours. Therefore, they are considered indefatigable flyers (Fig. 12).
Fig. 12. Wandering Albatross ()
Birds take care of their feathers, smooth and scrub them with their beaks. Feathers naturally wear out, but gradually renew.
The beak of a bird can do a different job. He can fish, tear meat, chop nuts, get seeds, build a nest, but the bird does not know how to grind and chew food. The shape of the bird's beak depends on the lifestyle. The curved beak of a flamingo filters the water, the sharp beak of a heron is a tool for fishing, pelicans use the beak with a bag as a net for fish, sparrows have to grind even fairly small grains. The beak of a parrot is like tongs, with it it crushes nuts, the curved beak of the predator is adapted for tearing meat, and for the crossbill, the forked beak is adapted for quick extraction of grains from spruce cones (Fig. 13-16).
Fig. 14. Pelican with fish in its beak ()
Fig. 16. Eagle Harpy ()
Birds do not have teeth, so they swallow food without chewing it. Sometimes birds swallow small stones, which then help them grind food inside the stomach.
Birds eat different kinds of food: fishing birds (gull, loon), insectivores (swallow, swift (fig. 17)), snake-eagle (fig. 18) hunt almost exclusively for reptiles, South American harpy hunts for monkeys, yellow-cuckoo does not disdain even shaggy caterpillars, but crows are generally omnivorous birds.
Fig. 17. Swallow ()
Fig. 18. Serpent Eagle with prey ()
Birds are quite voracious creatures, because they need a lot of energy to fly. For example, a titmouse eats as much as it weighs in one day. A tiny hummingbird can drink twice its own weight per day of nectar, and a starling eat locusts three times as much as it weighs. People have noticed this for a long time, because birdhouses are often hung in gardens.
The shape of the paws of birds is also adapted to their lifestyle. In climbing birds, two fingers are directed forward, and two back, as in parrots, it is easier for them to cling to tree trunks. Birds of prey have sharp bent claws, because it’s good to catch prey with them. In waterfowl there are membranes on the paws, in order to easier row and move faster in the water (Fig. 19).
Fig. 19. Paws of birds: predator, waterfowl, crawling ()
Some have short legs (capercaillie (Fig. 20)), and some have long (secretary bird (Fig. 21)), two-fingered fingers for running (ostrich) and four-fingered with long fingers for walking (white stork, Canadian crane, large blue heron), which helps these birds to walk through marshy swamps.
Fig. 21. Secretary Bird ()
Birds have excellent eyesight and subtle hearing. High speed of movement requires quick recognition of terrain objects, both distant and close. For example, a falcon can consider its prey from a distance of 1 km, and a vulture - from a distance of 3 km. An owl can find its prey in complete darkness, focusing only on hearing.
All birds lay eggs, which come in different sizes and colors. The largest eggs are ostrich, they can weigh up to 5 kg. In the smallest hummingbird in the world, they are less than 1 cm and weigh only 0.2 grams (Fig. 22).
Fig. 22. Eggs of hummingbirds, ostriches, and now extinct elephant birds ()
Eggs can be of different colors (Fig. 23).
Fig. 23. Song thrush eggs ()
In birds that lay eggs in closed nests or hollows, the shell is most often white. The eggs of birds that hatch them on the ground are most often masked (American plover, river tern) (Fig. 24), emu eggs can have an unusual blue-black color, and the cuckoo lays eggs of different colors, depending on which nest she throws an egg (Fig. 25). Scientists estimate that cuckoos toss their eggs to birds of 150 species.
The world of birds is interesting and diverse. Birds are of great benefit. There is even International Bird Day and it is celebrated on April 1st.
Bibliography
- Pleshakov A.A., World around. Textbook and slave. tetr. for 1 cl. beg. school, part 2. - Education, 2011.
- Vakhrushev A.A., Bursky O.V., Rautian A.S. The world. The textbook for 1 class.sh. - Balass.
- Vinogradova N.F. The world. - VENTANA-GRAPH.
- Filin.vn.ua ().
- Theanimalworld.ru ().
- Ptici.info ().
Homework
- Draw a few birds, write down how they differ from each other.
- Using the materials from the lesson, write down several types of flightless birds, flying and waterfowl.
- Go for a walk in the yard or forest. How many and which birds did you manage to see how different their voices are? Write down your observations.
- * Create a crossword using the names of the birds that you know.
Test on the topic "Class bird"
Option 1
1. End the sentence:
1. Birds came from ...
2. The Bird Class includes highly organized animals adapted to ...
3. Characteristic for birds .... breath
1. A sign of flight fitness of birds
1) the appearance of a four-chamber heart 2) horny shields on the legs
3) the presence of hollow bones 4) the presence of the coccygeal gland
2. The sign that the dove has, but is absent from the crocodile, is
1) four-chamber heart 2) warm-bloodedness
3) an egg with egg shells 4) the presence of cloaca
3. Which of the following is typical not only for birds, but for most reptiles?
1) double breathing 2) keel-growth of the sternum
3) warm-bloodedness 4) lay eggs
4. What is the body section of the bird in which the tarsus is located
1) belt of the hind limbs 2) chest
3) forelimb 4) hind limb
5. In connection with the adaptability to flight, the skeleton of birds is characterized by ease, which is provided
1) the fusion of many bones
2) the presence of airways in the bones
3) turning the forelimbs into wings
4) the small size of many birds
6. In birds, unlike reptiles, in the process of evolution
1) body temperature became unstable
2) a horn substance cover is formed
3) a four-chamber heart was formed
4) reproduction began to occur with the help of eggs
7. In birds, arterial blood does not mix with venous, as their heart
1) has no valves between the atria and ventricles
2) does not have a septum in the ventricle
3) consists of three cameras
4) is divided completely into the right and left halves
8. The gas exchange organs in birds are:
1) lightweight 2) air bags
3) air sacs and lungs 4) trachea and bronchi
9. A sign of flight fitness is NOT
1) warm-bloodedness 2) lack of teeth
3) the presence of a keel on the sternum 4) the absence of the bladder
10. Flights of birds arose in connection with:
1) with a lack or lack of food in the autumn-winter period;
2) minus air temperature in the winter;
3) a short day in the winter.
4) traditions
3.1. Birds are characterized by:
1) breed in water
2) breed on land
3) warm-blooded animals
4) have bare dry skin
6) breathe with multi-cell light and air sacs
3.2. Signs of similarity of archeopteryx with reptiles:
2) chest development,
6) well planned.
4. Set the match.
4.1.
Features of the structure of the respiratory system | Animal classes |
A) there are air bags |
|
B) the lungs have a spongy structure |
|
C) the lungs are multi-cellular | |
D) the lungs are represented by hollow bags | |
D) double breathing | |
E) partial skin respiration |
4.2.
Organ | Function |
A) kidneys |
|
B) the liver |
|
C) the cerebellum |
|
D) lungs |
|
D) ovary |
|
4.3.
Representative | Detachment |
A) emu | 1) Chicken |
B) swan - mute swan | 2) Cassowary |
C) black vulture | 3) Anseriformes |
D) common black grouse | 4) Daytime birds of prey |
D) starling pink | 5) Passeriformes |
Test on the topic "Class bird"
Option 2
1. End the sentence:
1. Birds are called warm-blooded animals, because ...
2. Reptiles have a heart ... and birds have ...
3 .Nestling chicks are born ... and ...
2. Choose one correct answer from the proposed ones:
1. The adaptation of birds to flight is
1) the presence of lungs 2) the presence of cavities in the bones
3) warm-bloodedness 4) development of the cerebral cortex
2. The complexity of the organization of birds in comparison with reptiles is evidenced by
1) internal fertilization 2) the presence of yolk in the egg
3) dry skin without glands 4) four-chamber heart
3. What is common in the organization of birds and reptiles?
1) double breathing 2) complete separation of arterial and venous blood
3) lack of sweat glands 4) warm-bloodedness
4. The structure of the belt of the upper extremities of birds includes
1) tarsus 2) collarbone
5. What features of breeding birds distinguish them from reptiles
1) the abundance of yolk in the egg 2) laying of eggs
3) feeding offspring 4) internal fertilization
6. The heart of birds
1) four-chamber 2) two-chamber
3) three-chamber, with a partition in the ventricle 4) three-chamber, without a partition in the ventricle
7. What structural features of the skeleton of birds are NOT related to flight?
1) the development of the sternum with the keel;
2) the tubular bones of the skeleton are hollow inside and filled with air;
3) the spine consists of five sections;
4) the formation of a complex sacrum
8. Tile-shaped arrangement of contour feathers on the bird's body
1) increases the amount of air between the feathers
2) reduces the average density of the body
3) increases the streamlining of the body shape
4) helps maintain heat
9. The highest metabolic rate is characteristic of birds, as they:
1) consume a lot of energy during the flight,
2) populated the ground-air habitat,
3) live in different natural areas,
4) eat plant and animal food.
10. Why do male birds often have a bright color?
1) attracts the attention of females of their species,
2) scares away females of a different species,
3) makes them less noticeable on a bright background,
4) scares off males of a different species.
3. Choose three correct answers from six offered.
3.1. Birds are characterized by:
1) breed in water
2) breed on land
3) warm-blooded animals
4) have skin with many glands
5) have a variable body temperature
6) breathe using multi-cell lungs
3.2. Signs of similarity of archeopteryx with birds:
1) the massive skull consisted of thick bones,
2) chest development,
3) the body is covered with elongated scales,
4) in the beak - numerous teeth,
5) on the lower limb, three fingers are directed forward, one - backward,
6) well planned.
4. Set the match.
Sign | Animal class |
A) warmth |
|
B) body temperature depends on the ambient temperature |
TOPIC: “Type of chordates. Classes of birds. "
PLAN
1. General characteristics of the class of birds. Origin of birds
2. The external structure in connection with the lifestyle
3. The internal structure of birds
4. The importance of birds
General characteristics of the class of birds
Pseudosuchia originates from archosaurs; they occupied all land areas, but even they cannot be considered direct ancestors of birds. Immediate ancestors of birds have not yet been established. In the last century, namely in the Jurassic sediments, the first imprint of a feather was found, and then two relatively complete skeletons. According to one of them, in 1861, the German paleontologist G. Meyer made a description of "an animal covered with feathers," a skeleton of which was found in lithographic slates in Bavaria. The poultry received the scientific name Archeopteryx. An analysis of the structure of archeopteryx provides a basis for their lifestyle. These were woody climbing animals that could plan to flip, but not fly. This is evidenced by a weak skeleton of the forelimbs, a weak sternum without a keel, and a smooth surface of the wing bones. Judging by the structure of the pelvis, they laid small eggs, the size of 1 \\ 4 chicken eggs. Weak teeth speak of eating insects and fruits. One way or another, 170 million years ago, real birds appeared. In birds, the nervous system and sensory organs are improved under the influence of adaptations in behavior. Redox processes are accelerated - all systems change, the level of metabolism rises. As a result, there is warm-bloodedness and as a result there are integuments that protect against hypothermia.
Ornithology- A science that studies the life and structure of birds. The modern fauna is approximately 8 thousand 600 species of birds. We have 750 or 8.5%. These are flying ground vertebrates, the entire organization is connected with flight - forelimbs - wings, except for ostriches - up to 80-90 km / h.
The main signs of birds
1. The body is covered with feathers that perform a heat-insulating function and provide a streamlined body.
2. The transformation of the forelimbs into wings, which was accompanied by the restructuring of the skeleton and muscles of the limbs and shoulder girdle.
3. The transformation of the skeleton and muscles of the hind limbs and pelvic girdle provided the opportunity for bipedal walking on a solid substrate and swimming.
4. The complete separation of the large and small circles of blood circulation contributed to a better supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. There was a 4-chamber heart. The right aortic arch is preserved, and the left is reduced.
5. There was pneumatization of the bones, which increased their strength.
6. There was an intensification of respiration due to the system of air sacs associated with the lungs.
7. The increased, but constant body temperature allowed the birds to develop areas with a cold climate.
8. Females developed a reduction in the right ovary and oviduct.
9. In many ways, they are similar to reptiles (cornea was found - foregut, almost complete absence of skin glands, 1 condyle, skull of the dioxide type, arterial blood in the right aortic arch, embryonic development and structure of the genitourinary system).
In 1679 The Italian scientist J. Boreli in his work “Animal Life” noted the most important features of the anatomy of birds associated with flight.
Features of adaptation of birds to flight:
· The transformation of the forelimbs into wings;
· Streamlined body, covered with feathers, tiling overlaid in the wing;
· The formation of the sternum in the form of a keel, with powerful muscles that control the wings;
· Double breathing for intense metabolism
Lightweight skeleton (hollow bones)
· Weight loss due to the absence of the bladder, one ovary, teeth, rectum
· The presence of high visual acuity and progressive development of the brain, in particular the cerebellum. Among the birds there are no purely aquatic, purely terrestrial species. In connection with the flight in a certain environment, the size of the birds also varies.
The number of individuals of individual bird species is different. There are birds that are very numerous. Since 1600, 90 species of birds have become extinct; 1/4 of these birds have become extinct due to their natural biological reasons.
