I approve
Executive Secretary of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Statistics
Y. Shokamanov ____________
"_14_"__09___2009 №_08.09_
Methodology for calculating gross output
products
1. Introduction
To summarize the activities of agriculture, forestry and fisheries, statistics uses a system of interrelated natural, conditionally natural and cost indicators. The central place in the system of indicators is occupied by natural and conditionally natural indicators, which are used in agricultural statistics to characterize the production of specific types of products. However, they do not make it possible to obtain consolidated results of the activities of agricultural producers, who in the overwhelming majority operate a diversified economy. Therefore, a summary description of the activities of agriculture, forestry and fisheries is possible only if cost indicators are used, which make it possible to obtain summary results of the industry’s activities, ensuring comparability of dissimilar types of products. The main summary value indicator in agricultural statistics is the gross output of products (services) of agriculture, forestry and fisheries, which is calculated for each region separately and for the republic as a whole.
2. Basic concepts
Gross output of products (services) of agriculture, forestry and fisheries is the total value of products and services created in the industry, both for sale and for own consumption. It is formed from the gross output of products (services) of crop and livestock production, the cost of products (services) produced in hunting, forestry and logging, fishing and aquaculture. Gross output of crop and livestock products (services) is formed from the value of crop and livestock products produced, the amount of change in the value of work in progress in crop production and the volume of agricultural services provided. includes the cost of all agricultural crops obtained from the current year’s harvest - grains,(seeds of oilseeds, sugar beets, tobacco, etc.), potatoes, vegetables and melons, fruits and berries, other types of crop products (feed root crops, hay, straw, haylage, silage, grass, flowers, etc.) - costs for land cultivation services - plowing plowed land, raising fallows, preparing the soil for sowing winter crops for future harvests; costs of establishing, processing and maintaining gardens. The cost of livestock products produced includes the cost of products obtained from farm animals (milk, eggs, wool, skins, etc.), the cost of livestock and poultry sold for slaughter, the cost of beekeeping and fur farming products. includes the cost of services provided in the field of field cultivation, open-ground vegetable growing and floriculture, services for growing agricultural crops in protected ground; services in the field of horticulture, viticulture and plantations of other perennial plantations, including harvesting; services for agro-reclamation works; services for loading, unloading and transportation of crop products and other agricultural goods; services for the protection of agricultural crops from diseases and pests; services for the preparation and application of fertilizers, snow retention; auxiliary services for animal breeding; agricultural services after harvest; services for processing and preparing seeds for propagation; nursery services and others. The cost of products (services) produced in the hunting sector includes the cost of wild animals and game obtained as a result of hunting; costs of hunting, such as the protection of wild animals, recording their numbers and resettlement, hunting management and hunting economic surveys, etc.; the cost of services provided in the field of hunting and breeding of wild animals and game. The cost of products (services) produced in forestry and logging includes the cost of wood harvested during final felling and forest maintenance, felling associated with reconstruction forest plantations and selective sanitary felling; costs of forest cultivation, reforestation and forest management; the cost of services provided related to forestry and logging. The cost of products (services) produced in fisheries and aquaculture includes the cost of caught fish, harvested seafood and marine materials (crustaceans, mollusks, turtles, ascidians,, natural pearls, sponges, corals, algae, etc.), the cost of breeding marine organisms and crops, using technologies developed to expand the production of propagation of these organisms in matters of increasing natural growth in environment, as well as the cost of services provided related to fishing and fish farming. The physical volume index is a relative indicator characterizing the change in production volume in the industry in the compared periods.
3. Calculation of gross output of agricultural products (services),
forestry and fisheries
According to the General Classifier of Species economic activity(OKED) section A “Agriculture, forestry and fisheries” consists of three sections: crop and livestock farming, hunting and the provision of services in these areas (section 01), forestry and logging (section 02), fisheries and aquaculture (section 03). During the reporting year, the gross output of crop and livestock products (services) is calculated monthly - according to section 01 (without hunting and the provision of services in this area). The calculation is made discretely per month, the indicator for the period is determined as the sum of indicators for the months of the period. Quarterly, calculated data on the volume of production of products (services) in hunting, forestry, logging, fishing and aquaculture are added to the gross output of crop and livestock products (services). At the end of the year, based on the data of annual statistical observations, the final gross output as a whole for section A is determined.
3.1 Calculation of gross output of products (services)
crop and livestock farming
To calculate the cost of produced crop and livestock products, data on the production of agricultural products in physical terms in each category of farms and data on the average annual and average sales prices for the reporting period for these products by type are used. S growing/alive = ∑(k i * p i), (1) where S growing/living is the cost of crop/livestock production; k i - the quantity of the i-th type of product produced per year; p i - average annual (average in the reporting period) sales price of the i-th type
products. The change in the value of work in progress in crop production is defined as the difference between its value for the reporting and previous years. This indicator can be a positive or negative value. The cost of agricultural services provided for the year is determined based on the results of a comprehensive annual survey legal entities providing services in the field of agriculture. The calculation of the gross output of crop and livestock products (services) can thus be expressed by the formula: V grow/live = S live + S grow + N grow + S conv, (2) where V grow/live is the gross output of products (services) crop and livestock production; S alive - the cost of livestock products produced; S grow - cost of produced crop products; N grow - change in the value of work in progress in crop production (+/-); S conv - cost of agricultural services provided. When calculating the gross output of crop and livestock products (services) for a month, the following points should be taken into account. Monthly observations track the production of only the main types of livestock products: cow's milk, chicken eggs, sheep wool, as well as the sale of cattle, sheep and goats, pigs, horses, camels, deer and deer for slaughter. poultry. Therefore, the cost of these main types is first determined using formula (1). Then data is added to calculate the cost of other livestock products, which includes all other types of products (except those listed above) tracked in the annual report (camel and mare milk, goose and duck eggs, down, camel and goat hair, honey, antlers, fur skins etc.). For the calculation, the average share of these other types of products in the total volume of gross livestock production over the past three years is used. The calculation is made according to the formula: d alive other * S alive main S alive other = , (3) 100% - d alive other where S alive other – the cost of other livestock products in the reporting period; d alive other – average share of other types of livestock products in the total volume
gross livestock production over the past three years, in%; S live main – volume of livestock production by main types in value terms for the reporting period. The amount of crop production produced during the year is determined by calculation. For open ground crops, the amount of production should be calculated starting from the moment the first harvest ripens. The calculation is based on data on the sown area of agricultural crops for the current year’s harvest and the average yield of these crops over the last three years: k i = ubp i * ur i , (4) where k i is the amount of the i-th type of crop product produced per month
(agricultural crop); ubp i – area of the i-th type of agricultural crop harvested in the reporting month
culture; ur i is the 3-year average yield of the i-th type of agricultural crop. When determining the harvested area in each reporting month, it is necessary to use administrative sources (reports from the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its territorial divisions on the progress of harvesting the main agricultural crops). For crops not included in the reports, it is necessary to take into account their ripening periods, climatic characteristics of the regions, weather conditions and other factors accompanying the harvest. For crops grown indoors all year round, the amount of products grown in each reporting month is determined as 1/12 of the gross harvest of the corresponding crop indoors according to the latest annual report. To calculate the change in the value of work in progress in crop production in the reporting month, the share of the change in the total value of the total value of produced crop production and the change in the value of work in progress for the previous year is used. The calculation is made according to the formula: d growth unscheduled * (S grow year + N grow year) N grow = , (5) 100% - d grow unsold where N grow is the change in the value of work in progress in crop production in
reporting month; d growth unfinished - share of the change in the value of work in progress
in crop production in the total volume of gross output of products (services)
agriculture for the previous year, in%; S growth year + N growth year – the total value of the cost of manufactured products
crop production and changes in the value of unfinished
production in crop production for the previous year. Changes in the value of work in progress during the year should be attributed to the autumn months. To determine the cost of agricultural services provided in the reporting month, the share of the volume of services provided in the total volume of gross output of agricultural products (services) for the previous year is used. The calculation is made after the cost of produced livestock products, crop production and the change in the value of work in progress in crop production is determined, according to the formula: d conv * (S live + S grow + N grow) S conv = , (6) 100% - d conv where S conv - cost of agricultural services provided. d conv - share of the cost of agricultural services provided in the total volume
gross output of agricultural products (services) for the previous year,
V %; S alive - the cost of livestock products produced; S grow - cost of produced crop products; N grow - change in the value of work in progress in crop production (+/-).
3.2 Final calculation of gross output
(services) agriculture, forestry and fisheries
The volumes of products (works, services) produced in hunting, forestry and logging, fishing and aquaculture, necessary for the final calculation of the gross output of products (services) in section A, are determined according to annual continuous statistical observations of legal and individuals operating in these areas. The volumes obtained from these observations in value terms are directly included in the final annual calculation of the gross output of products (services) in agriculture, forestry and fisheries. During the year, the cost of products (services) produced in these types of activities is determined quarterly by calculation, as ¼ of the cost for the previous year. After determining all the components, the gross output of products (services) of agriculture, forestry and fisheries is determined by the method of their simple summation: V sec A = V plant/live + S hunting + S forest + S fish, (7) where V sec A is gross production of products (services) of agriculture, forestry and fisheries; V growing/living - gross output of crop and livestock products (services); S hunting - the cost of products produced (work, services) in the hunting sector; S forest - the cost of manufactured products (works, services) in forestry and
logging; S fish - the cost of manufactured products (works, services) in fishing and
aquaculture.
4. Calculation of the index of physical volume of gross output
(services) agriculture, forestry and fisheries
The calculation of the physical volume index is based on the method of sequential generalization of data, in which the indices of larger aggregates are the average of the constituent elements of individual indices. The calculation is carried out in stages and begins with the determination of individual indices for each type of crop and livestock products produced according to the formula: k 1 i 1/0 = , (8) k 0 where i 1/0 is the individual index of the type of product; k 1 and k 0 – the amount of products produced in physical terms in
reporting and base periods, respectively. Then group indices are determined that characterize changes in production volumes separately in the crop and livestock subsectors. Group indices of physical volume are calculated using index weights, which are taken as the cost of agricultural products of the base period in prices of the same period. ∑ i 1/0 * S 0 I 1/0 = , (9) ∑ S 0 where I 1/0 – group index of physical volume; i 1/0 – individual index of the product type; S 0 – cost of products of the base period in base prices, accepted in
as weights for aggregation. To determine group indices for those components of gross output for which there are no natural indicators, but only cost values (for example, the volume of agricultural services provided, the volume of production (work, services) in forestry and logging), the deflation method is used using a price index. S 1 I 1/0 = , (10) S 0 * I prices where I 1/0 – group index of physical volume (for cost components); S 1 and S 0 – volumes of the corresponding component of gross output in
in value terms in the reporting and base periods
respectively; I prices – price index for the corresponding component. To calculate the index for changes in the cost of work in progress in crop production, as a deflator, you should use data on changes in the amount of costs of work in progress per 1 hectare of land in the previous year, calculated based on the size of the areas on which work was carried out and total costs for these works. The hunting index is defined as the ratio of the production volume for the reporting year in comparable prices, which is provided in the report, to the production volume in current prices for the previous year. Based on group indices it is calculated composite index, showing the change in gross output in general for agriculture, forestry and fisheries. ∑ I 1/0 * S 0 I sec A = , (11) ∑ S 0 where I sec A is a composite index of the physical volume of gross output of products (services)
agriculture, forestry and fisheries; I 1/0 – group index of physical volume by component; S 0 – the cost of the component of gross output of the base period in base
prices, taken as weights for aggregation.
Annex 1
Forms and questionnaires used as sources of information
- Form 24-сх “On the state of livestock farming” (monthly) and (annual); Sample observation questionnaire A-008 “On the production of livestock products in small peasant (farm) farms and households” (six-monthly); Form 29-сх “On harvesting agricultural crops”; Sample observation questionnaire A-005 “On harvesting agricultural crops in small peasant (farm) holdings and household households”; Form 4-сх “On the results of sowing for the harvest”; Form 6-р (farmer) “On the availability of land in peasant (farm) holdings”; Form 7-r (population) “On the availability of land in households”; Form 1-сх “On the activities of agricultural formations”; Sample observation questionnaire A-001 “On the activities of small peasant (farm) enterprises”; Form 8-сх (services) “On the provision of agricultural services”; Form 2-hunting “On hunting and trapping”; Form 1-les “Report on timber harvesting and silvicultural and forestry work"; Form 1-fish “On Fisheries and Aquaculture”; Form 1-TSSH “Report on prices for sold agricultural products”; Form 2-TSSH “Report on actual prices for industrial and technical products, tariffs and prices for services purchased by agricultural units”; Form 1-CP (forest) “Report on prices for raw wood and related services.”
Appendix 2
reporting year
| Peasant (farmer) | Households |
|||
| Cost of livestock products produced | | Sample observation data using questionnaire A-008 |
||
| Cost of produced crop products | Annual report data according to form | Sample observation data using questionnaire A-005 |
||
| Price statistics data according to form 1-TSSH |
||||
| Cost of work in progress in crop production | Annual report data according to form | Sample observation data using questionnaire A-001 | ||
| Volume of agricultural services provided | Data from the annual report according to Form 8-сх (services) | |||
Appendix 3
Sources of information for determining gross output
crop and livestock products (services) in reporting month
| Types of products | Agricultural enterprises | Peasant (farmer) | Households |
|
| related to medium- and large-scale production of products | ||||
| Cost of livestock products produced by main types | Data monthly report according to the form 24-сх | Calculated according to the “Methodology for monthly calculations of the main indicators for livestock farming in households and small peasant (farm) farms” |
||
| Price statistics data according to form 1-TSSH |
||||
| Cost of other livestock products produced | Calculated based on the share of other products (except for the main types) in the total volume of livestock production for the previous year |
|||
| Cost of produced crop products | Calculated based on data from the annual report in form 4-сх and the average yield of agricultural crops in each category of farms for the last three years, using price statistics data in form 1-ЦСХ | |||
| Cost of work in progress in crop production | Calculated based on data from the annual report in form 1-сх | Calculated based on data from the annual report according to questionnaire A-001 | ||
| Volume of agricultural services provided | Calculation based on data from the annual report in Form 8-сх (services) | |||
Appendix 4
Scheme for calculating gross output of products (services)
crop and livestock farming
| Types of products | Units | Average annual (average for the reporting period) sales price*, tenge per unit of measurement | Production in kind | Cost in current prices, thousand tenge |
|
| Gross output of crop and livestock products (services) (line 2+line 3+line 4+line 5) | thousand tenge | ||||
| Produced livestock products (sum of lines from 2.1 to 2.9) | thousand tenge | ||||
| including: | |||||
| Sales of livestock and poultry for slaughter in live weight: | |||||
| cattle | |||||
| sheep and goats | |||||
| … | |||||
| Cow's milk | |||||
| Chicken eggs | thousand pieces | ||||
| Other livestock products produced** | thousand tenge | ||||
| Produced crop products (sum of lines from 3.1 to 3.5) | thousand tenge | ||||
| including: | |||||
| Potato | |||||
| Tomatoes | |||||
| Change in the value of work in progress in crop production | thousand tenge | ||||
| Volume of agricultural services provided | thousand tenge |
Appendix 5
An example of calculating the index of physical volume of products (services) of agriculture, forestry and fisheries
(conditional example)
| Production of products in physical terms | Individual physical volume index (by product type), % | Product cost of the base period, million tenge | Group/composite index of physical volume compared to the previous year (by components), in % | |||
| reporting year | last year |
|||||
| 3 = gr.1 / gr.2% | ||||||
| Gross output of products (services) of agriculture, forestry and fisheries | 102.2 = (103.3 x 61420 + 99.5 x3500 + 104.3 x 1740 + 80.2 x 2860) / 69520 |
|||||
| Gross output of crop and livestock products (services) | 103.3 = (116.6 x 37990 + 90.4 x20100 + 101.1 x 950) / 61420 |
|||||
| Livestock products produced | 116.6 = (125.0 x 22000 + 105.1 x 15990) / (22000 + 15990) |
|||||
| including: | ||||||
| cattle | ||||||
| cow's milk | ||||||
| Produced crop products | 90.4 = (87.1 x 16740 + 107.1 x 3360) / (16740 + 3360) |
|||||
| including: | ||||||
| wheat | ||||||
| vegetables | ||||||
| Change in the value of work in progress in crop production | ||||||
| Volume of agricultural services provided | Calculated using deflation method |
|||||
| Produced products (services) in the hunting industry | Calculated using deflation method |
|||||
| Produced products (services) in forestry and logging | Calculated using deflation method | |||||
Gross agricultural production represents the value of the total product created as a result of the production of agricultural raw materials, its processing and bringing it to its final consumer form. In the agricultural sector of the agro-industrial complex under gross output refers to the cost of products obtained as a result of growing plants, animals and their economic use for a certain period of time (day, month, quarter, season, calendar year etc.).
The value of gross agricultural output consists of:
1. the cost of means of production consumed in the production process during a given period (year), i.e. from the value transferred to the product, created by past labor (the cost of material production costs, i.e. the cost of seeds, feed, fuel and other material resources, consumed in the production process);
2. newly created value by the labor of workers during a given period (year), or net agricultural products.
Gross agricultural output consists of gross output of crop production and livestock production.
Gross crop production includes:
1. the cost of gross harvest of agricultural crops;
2. the cost of growing perennial crops for agricultural purposes;
3. the value of the increase in work in progress (usually winter crops) from the beginning to the end of the year.
Gross livestock production includes the cost of animal rearing products, i.e. offspring, gain and live weight gain, as well as products obtained from the economic use of animals (milk, wool, eggs, etc.).
The volume of agricultural production can be determined for a calendar, agricultural year and other periods. For this, two indicators are used:
1. gross output determined using the gross turnover method, i.e. how simple sum raw crop and livestock products (characterizes the size of agricultural production);
2. gross output without recounting or final output(more accurately reflects the volume of products produced that can be used for non-productive consumption and accumulation within the enterprise and outside it).
Final products agriculture is calculated by subtracting from the gross output the cost of crop and livestock products consumed in the process of agricultural production in a given year.
The value of gross agricultural output is divided into:
1. the cost of material production costs, i.e. the cost of seeds, feed, fuel and other material resources spent in the production process;
2. newly created value, or net agricultural products.
Clean products agriculture is defined as the difference between the gross output of a given period (year) and the cost of material production costs in the process of producing these products. It is part of the country's national income.
Based on the nature of use, gross output is divided into two parts:
1. commodity (that part of the gross output that is sold by agricultural organizations to the outside (sold, given in exchange, for services, etc.));
2. non-commodity (used for on-farm needs, and for personal subsidiary farms workers and employees - also for personal consumption (food)).
Main types It is customary to consider those products for which production is organized and operates (grain, flax products, sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables, milk, live weight gain of cattle, pigs, eggs). They play a leading role.
Many crops and animal groups produce two or more types of products at the same time, which are called conjugated . Conjugate types are those products that can be obtained in parallel with the main ones. When growing flax, the main product is flax straw, associated - flaxseeds. IN dairy production milk - main products, animal offspring - conjugated.
Products that are obtained simultaneously with the main products and which are not the purpose of production are called side .In crop farming, by-products include straw, green fodder, tops, etc., and in livestock farming - manure, bird droppings, fluff, feathers, etc.
Gross output of auxiliary sphere- the cost of the entire volume of work and services intended for the normal functioning of the agricultural sector of the agro-industrial complex during a certain period.
Gross output of the processing sector- the total cost of all types of final products produced by processing organizations of the agro-industrial complex during a certain period of time.
Gross output of trade and sales sector represents the cost of work performed and services for the preparation, delivery, sale of agricultural products and food and consumer goods created in the agro-industrial complex system.
There are two types of livestock products:
- a) obtained in the process of economic use of animals, primarily adults (milk, eggs, fluff, honey, wax, antlers, etc.);
- b) obtained as a result of raising animals (meat products). Its use involves the slaughter of animals.
Livestock products, as in crop production, include raw products, without processing. Processed products - meat, leather, cheeses, etc. - are products of the processing industry.
Indicators of gross production of economic use of animals are, first of all, natural indicators of its actual output or collection, similar to the actual gross production of crop production. First, they are obtained in their original weight or form, and then conditionally natural indicators of the volume of production are calculated in terms of a certain quality.
Unlike crop production, where products are obtained. As a rule, once a year during harvest, milk, eggs and growing products are obtained continuously, therefore volume indicators are determined not only for a year, but also for shorter periods of time - a quarter, a month, and in economic practice, per day, per day. milking. Therefore, statistical observation is carried out regularly throughout the year. The main form of government statistical observation for livestock products - Form 24, which also provides information on the number and reproduction of animals, is submitted by enterprises and organizations monthly and, according to a more expanded program, quarterly and at the end of the year.
Statistical bodies receive data on the gross output of agricultural enterprises through federal statistical observation. By peasant farms a complete and also a special sample survey of the production volumes of milk and other livestock products is organized.
For households, gross production is determined by calculation based on data on the number of animals obtained during the annual census or population count as of January 1, and data on average productivity per head, determined based on materials from a sample survey of households.
Let's consider the main indicators of the volume of gross livestock production. Gross milk yield includes all milk actually produced for a certain period (excluding milk sucked by calves from dairy cows or beef cows). Its volume is recorded by pitchfork (cow, sheep, goat, mare) and in general in physical weight terms.
Due to the fact that milk comes in different qualities, primarily in terms of nutritional value, when determining shift production in economic practice, conditionally natural indicators are obtained:
- a) milk with one percent fat content. Its volume is calculated by multiplying the actual weight of milk Q by the actual percentage of fat in it X 1.
- 6) milk in terms of the standard fat content officially established for the given area X tbsp.
- c) yield of milk fat. The yield of dry matter is also calculated, which includes, in addition to fat, protein, milk sugar, and minerals.
When purchasing milk, depending on quality, contamination and cooling, milk is differentiated by grade - 1-2 non-varietal.
Gross wool shearing is taken into account in general, as well as by type of animal (sheep, goat, camel) and type of wool (fine, semi-fine, semi-coarse, coarse).
An indicator of its volume is the actual shearing of unwashed wool in weight terms. The distilled wool obtained by shearing pre-bought sheep is also converted into unwashed wool. The wool of slaughtered and dead animals (sour wool) is not included in gross production.
Gross wool shearing is also determined in terms of the volume of washed wool. It is determined by the actual yield of washed wool after its initial processing or by calculation using the coefficients of yield of washed wool from unwashed wool obtained in previous years.
Gross egg collection includes all collected eggs of different species (chicken, duck, goose, quail). Eggs are counted in pieces and by weight. When implemented, it is divided into categories - 1, 2, non-standard. I take into account separately, eggs from the main flock (adult laying hens) and pullets, eggs from the breeding flock, suitable for incubation, and obtained from cellular content laying hens for food purposes.
Beekeeping products include the actual yield of honey (including the bees left for wintering) and wax. In fur farming, the yield of skins (furs) is taken into account by species - fox, arctic fox, mink, nutria. In Karakul sheep farming, the yield of skins and meats is determined; in rabbit farming, in addition to meat, the amount of harvested skins is determined; in pond fish farming, the actual yield of marketable fish is determined.
Gross meat production is characterized by the weight of livestock and poultry raised. The rearing product is the actual weight of the resulting offspring, the weight gain of reared young animals of all ages, as well as the weight gain of adult fattening animals. The weight and weight gain of animals is determined by weighing them at birth, transfer from one group to another, placement on and off fattening, transfer to the main herd and sale. Livestock and poultry production is determined by type of animal and poultry, as well as in general, primarily in live weight. However live weight animals different types incomparable in terms of meat yield and quality. In this regard, another indicator is used - gross meat productivity in slaughter weight, which represents the weight of the carcass, including lard, the weight of category 1 meat by-products used for food (tongue, brains, liver, kidneys, heart, udder, diaphragm, etc.), but without the weight of the skin. head, entrails, lower legs. Slaughter weight is determined by the actual yield of meat products at slaughter or by slaughter yield coefficients, varying from 49% for sheep and goats. 58% on average for cattle, up to 77% for pigs and 80% for poultry.
In Russia, with the accelerated development of such early maturing animal species as poultry and pigs, which also require relatively lower costs per 1 kg of meat products compared to large and small cattle, the average slaughter yield increased from 63.6% in 1966-1970 gg.
Up to 65.5% in 1981-1983, and by 1995, due to a sharp decline in pig and poultry farming, it decreased to 62.0%, including in agricultural enterprises to 61.7%. In households it was 62.5%.
The slaughter weight is also incomparable due to the different caloric content of the meat and the unequal specific gravity products of replacement, especially breeding, young stock, the value of which is determined not by the yield of meat products, but by the expected high productivity. Therefore, along with the general indicators of cultivation products, it is also necessary to consider the volumes of its most valuable parts. In the practice of calculating animal production, two different methods are used, depending on the availability of initial data:
- 1. According to the income scheme used by statistical authorities as the sum of the weight of the offspring, the weight gain of young animals and fattening livestock, minus the weight of dead young animals and adult fattening livestock.
- 2. According to the expenditure (balance) scheme, from the sum of the weight of young animals and cattle for fattening at the end of the period, the weight sold, transferred, slaughtered and transferred to the main herd, the weight at the beginning of the period, receipts from outside and from the main herd for fattening is subtracted.
Gross meat production in statistical practice is calculated only for young animals and fattening cattle, without taking into account changes in the live weight of adult animals used as the main means of production. Meanwhile, after the transfer of young animals to the main herd, the weight of queens and breeders during their productive use increases by 15-25%, and if conditions deteriorate, they may decrease. These changes are monitored during the annual grading of animals at enterprises, and by statistics - when taking into account the live weight of all animals, including the main herd, as of January 1 of each year (the so-called meat potential).
Along with this, the indicator of meat production (sales of meat products for slaughter) is determined. It includes the weight of young animals sold for slaughter (excluding the sale of breeding young animals and piglets up to 2 months), the weight of all adult livestock sold, including those culled from the main herd, as well as the weight of slaughtered animals on the farm. The number of livestock sold for meat and slaughtered on farms represents the meat contingent.
Meat production, as well as the cultivation of meat products, is recorded in live and slaughter weights.
Meat production can be more products growing due to an increase in the weight of adult livestock of the main herd, as well as by reducing total number livestock on farms.
To assess the comparative level and dynamics of livestock production, statistics use a relative indicator - the output of gross livestock production per unit of land area (usually 1 and 100 hectares).
Their calculation is due to the fact that the basis for the development of livestock farming is crop production and feed production. Depending on the nature of the food supply, the calculation of indicators is differentiated.
The yield of eggs and poultry meat is determined per 100 hectares of grain crops, the products of which are the main feed for poultry. The yield of pork is calculated per 100 hectares, arable land, milk, meat, wool and all gross livestock production (taken in value terms) per 100 hectares of agricultural land.
Gross agricultural output is the total amount of products produced in an industry for a certain period. It consists of gross crop production and gross livestock production.
Gross crop production includes gross harvests of agricultural crops taking into account by-products, the cost of planting perennial crops, the cost of growing young perennial crops and the increase in work in progress.
Gross livestock production consists of finished products not related to the slaughter of animals (milk, wool, eggs), offspring, growth of young and adult livestock, as well as by-products.
Gross agricultural output is taken into account in physical and value terms. In physical terms, it is determined by certain species products. The cost of gross output is calculated in comparable or current prices (the commodity part of it - at sales prices, the non-commodity part - at cost).
Gross agricultural output is different from gross output of an agricultural enterprise. The latter, along with agricultural products, includes products from auxiliary industries and industrial production, as well as income from external works and services performed.
The part of the gross output intended for sale is called commercial products. Part commercial products released outside the industry (enterprise) and paid for by the consumer or trading organization is called implemented aboutduction. However, in practice and in the agricultural literature, these concepts are used as synonyms, since by marketable products they mean realized products, represented by monetary proceeds. Commercial agricultural products are not defined in reporting and statistical materials.
An important indicator is marketability level, which is understood as the ratio of sold products to gross, expressed as a percentage.
Gross output in natural material form is represented by means of production and consumer goods. The means of production include products that are used in the agriculture for production purposes (seeds, feed, etc.), as well as products that are used as raw materials for industry. Consumer goods include that part of the gross output that goes into consumption directly, bypassing industrial processing.
Gross agricultural output consists of two types of value: consumed means of production (C) and newly created value ( V+ M). In general, in value form, gross agricultural output looks like this: C + V+ M.
The order of distribution of gross agricultural output at enterprises is presented in Figure 1.
Rice. 1. Distribution of gross output at agricultural enterprises
The main condition for reproduction (simple and extended) is the reimbursement of consumed means of production. For this purpose, a compensation fund is formed, which represents part of the value of the gross output created by past labor and transferred to the produced product. The other part of the value of gross output is gross income.
At the expense of gross income, a consumption fund (personal and public) and an accumulation fund are formed. Gross income is divided into two parts: personal consumption fund (wages with contributions for social needs) and net income.
Net income is used to pay taxes to the budget, form public consumption and accumulation funds.
Thus, as a result of the distribution of gross agricultural output, three reproduction funds are formed: a compensation fund, a consumption fund and an accumulation fund.
Compensation fund represents the part of the value of gross output used to renew the objects and means of labor consumed in the production process. It is equal to the amount of material costs taking into account depreciation charges.
Consumption fund- part of the gross income, that is, the newly created value, which goes to pay for labor and satisfy the personal and social needs of the team. It consists of a wage fund and a portion of net income used for consumption.
Savings fund - part of net income intended for expanded reproduction.
The formation of reproduction funds in kind has specific features in agriculture. A significant part of the funds in terms of natural and material composition is formed from products of our own production. Consumed seeds and feed are reimbursed from a portion of the harvest. Reproduction of seed and fodder funds (accumulation fund) is also carried out mainly at the expense of its products. Replacement of culled livestock (compensation fund) and expansion of livestock (accumulation fund) are carried out, as a rule, at the expense of young animals raised on the farm. Consumption of the population is to a large extent ensured by products produced on the farm in kind (consumption fund).
National economic importance of livestock production
Livestock - gives valuable products food - meat and milk, as well as leather raw materials. The role of the industry as the most important source of organic fertilizers is irreplaceable. In the structure of gross agricultural output (in current prices), livestock farming accounts for 48.4%, of which livestock farming accounts for 28.8%.
Meat is the most important food product and a source of protein. In the meat balance, beef and veal account for 49%. Beef cattle breeding allows productive use of labor and material resources throughout the year.
Milk has no analogues in chemical composition and nutritional properties, since it contains complete proteins, fat, milk sugar, as well as various minerals, vitamins, and a large number of enzymes. It is easily digested and well absorbed by the body. In total, milk contains more than 200 different substances. On average, the digestibility of protein is 95%, fat and milk sugar - 98%. Milk is widely used both in its natural form (whole milk) and for the preparation of a variety of fermented milk products, cheeses and butter.
However, the level of dairy production does not meet the needs of society. The actual consumption of milk and dairy products in 1998 was 221 kg per capita per year, with a scientifically based nutritional norm of 360 kg. Compared to 1991, consumption of dairy products decreased by 126 kg, or 36%.
Per capita consumption of meat and meat products over the same period decreased from 69 to 48 kg, or by 30.4%. At the same time, imports of meat products increased from 1521 to 1706 thousand tons, or 1.2 times. In 1998, our country produced 226 kg of milk per capita and 32 kg of meat.
There are the following areas of use of cattle: dairy, dairy-meat, meat-dairy and meat. Each of them corresponds to a certain structure of the herd, breed composition, housing system, and the nature of feeding the animals.
In dairy farming, cattle are used to produce milk. The share of cows in the herd structure reaches 65%. The dairy sector has developed in suburban areas.
The dairy and meat sector combines milk production with raising and fattening livestock. At the same time, milk predominates in the structure of livestock products. The proportion of cows in the herd is 40-45%. Dairy and beef cattle breeding is the most common in our country.
The meat and dairy sector is characterized by the production of mainly beef and partly milk. In the structure of the herd, cows account for 35-40%.
Beef cattle breeding involves mainly the production of cattle meat. The share of cows in the herd is 35-40%.
Dairy cattle breeds include Black-and-White, Kholmogory, Red-Steppe; for meat and dairy - Simmental; for meat - Aberdeen-Angus, Kazakh white-headed, Kalmyk, etc.
In dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding, stall, stall-pasture and stall-camp livestock keeping systems are used, in meat-dairy and beef cattle breeding - stall and stall-pasture.
In Russia, cattle breeding is widespread. The largest number of cattle is located in the Ural (18.1%), Central (13.1%), Volga (14%), West Siberian (13.1%), North Caucasian (11.8%), Central -Chernozemny (8%) economic regions. 66% of the total livestock is concentrated here and 77% of milk and 78% of meat are produced.
For 1991-1998 the number of cattle in farms of all categories decreased by 50%, including cows by 34.1%; milk production decreased by 35.8%, beef - by 42.5%; milk yield per cow decreased by 8.2%. A particularly sharp decline in industry productivity is observed in agricultural enterprises. Here, the number of livestock decreased by 56.4% and milk production decreased by 56.4%. At the same time, the number of livestock in private farms of the population increased by 10.5% and amounted to 10,425 thousand heads. The number of cattle on farms also increased to 518 thousand heads. However, the increase in the number of livestock on private plots and farms did not compensate for its reduction on agricultural enterprises.
The main producers of dairy products are still agricultural enterprises. They contain 65.3% of the cattle population, including 55.3% of cows; they produce 50.2% of milk. Private farms contain 33% of livestock, including 42.9% of cows, and their share in gross production is 48.2%. The role of farms in milk production is small (1.5%).
There are objective reasons hindering the development of livestock breeding on farms.
Dairy farming is the most complex branch of agricultural production, requiring a systematic approach. It is characterized by high labor intensity, which necessitates the introduction of comprehensive mechanization of the main technological processes. The industry's high capital intensity is also a limiting factor. For successful development Dairy cattle breeding requires a high level of zootechnical work. Serious demands are placed on the organization of adequate feeding, which predetermines the need to create a strong food supply. The development of livestock breeding on farms is also hampered by the fact that the industry's products are perishable. Its untimely implementation leads to large losses.
Gross and marketable products are general indicators of the enterprise's activity.
Gross output– this is all products produced in agriculture over a certain period.
Gross agricultural output includes crop and livestock products. Crop production is the gross harvest of agricultural crops, divided into main and by-products. In addition to the gross harvest, the cost of planting perennial plants and their cultivation is included; also an increase in work in progress (plowing plowed land, raising clean vapors - costs are incurred, but products are not received)
Gross livestock production includes finished livestock products not related to the slaughter of animals - milk, wool, eggs, offspring of animals, their annual growth - and by-products- This is manure and bird droppings.
Gross output is measured in physical and value terms:
In physical terms, it is measured by type of product, in kg, c, t, pcs.
In value terms, gross output is assessed: in comparable prices - these are uniform prices throughout the country, they reflect social necessary costs on production, prevailing in the country as a whole; V current prices sales - in this case, products are valued at sales prices, the non-commercial part of products is valued at cost.
The gross output of agricultural enterprises differs from the gross output of agriculture in that it includes the products of subsidiary industries and crafts; products that have undergone industrial processing, and work and services performed for third parties.
Gross output includes marketable output, which is the part of gross output intended for sale. Products sold outside the enterprise and paid for by the consumer are called sold products. In practice, commercial and sold products are synonymous; their size is determined by revenue from sales of products.
The level of product marketability is calculated using the formula:
T y =(T pr /V pr)*100%, where
T pr – quantity of commercial products;
In pr – the amount of gross output.
The marketability of products depends on their consumption for production purposes: seeds, feed and other needs. For grain, potatoes and milk, the level of marketability should be below 100%. In the natural material form, gross output includes means of production and consumer goods. Means of production are products used for production purposes (seeds, feed), as well as raw materials for processing. Consumer goods go directly into consumption, bypassing industrial processing.
Products are sold through various channels:
1.federal and regional funds to meet national needs;
2.through our own sales network;
3.on the market;
4.sale to other enterprises and organizations;
5. to employees of the enterprise in payment of wages and money;
6.through exchanges;
7.through barter exchange;
8. public catering.
The marketing service of an enterprise must monitor the market situation and determine the most profitable sales channels.
The distribution of gross output can be represented by the following scheme: 
According to industry sector, gross agricultural output can be divided as follows:
Gross agricultural output
Crop products Livestock products
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Main Conjugate Side Main Conjugate Side
Depending on the purpose, gross agricultural output is divided into two parts: non-commercial products- products that are consumed directly in agriculture, i.e. used for production purposes, for example, the production of fodder crops and feed for livestock farming, milk for feeding calves and piglets, seeds and planting material, etc.;
commercial products– products used for sale.
Gross agricultural output is taken into account both in physical and value terms.
In physical terms, gross output (in centners, tons, pieces, etc.) can be presented only a single or group of homogeneous crops: grains, vegetables, fodder and other types of crops in crop production and certain types of products: milk, meat, eggs, etc. in animal husbandry.
Gross output in physical terms is calculated:
VPrast., c. = S sowing, ha * Yield, c/ha
VPliv., c. = Abs., goal. * Cont., c(pcs.)/head.
In value terms, gross output is calculated in order to determine the total production volumes by industry, enterprise as a whole, region, country, as well as to calculate indicators economic efficiency production.
Commercial products– the entire volume of agricultural products sold through all sales channels: to federal and regional funds, to employees of the enterprise, to other enterprises, through barter, through the catering system, in their own trading network, On the market.
Commodity output is determined in the same way as gross output in physical and value terms. For determining level of marketability for certain types of products use the size of gross and commercial output in physical terms, and to determine level of marketability of the entire agricultural enterprise Apply cost indicators of gross and marketable output.
