Landscape design
Completed by: technology teacher
Ageeva Tatyana Alekseevna
What is landscape design?
Landscape design- art located at the junction of three directions: architecture, plant growing and cultural history.
Besides, landscape design are called practical actions for landscaping and landscaping.
History of landscape development
Since ancient times, gardens have been a traditional form of organizing the surrounding space with the help of green spaces. They gained particular popularity at the courts of rulers and nobles of Eastern countries. Further, gardening as an art spread almost everywhere. Wherein for a long time important role The utilitarianism of gardening (fruit consumption and selection of fruit trees) played a role; later, more attention was given to the decorativeness of flowers. But neither fruit trees nor flowers are so widespread in modern landscape design, especially in its modern urban form. Landscape design is a concept of the 20th century itself. The term originated in Western Europe, primarily in densely populated and industrialized developed countries: UK, Germany, where massive industrialization and suburban growth have rapidly put pressure on the environment.
Design and layout
plot
The first stage of preparing the area for landscape work begins with artistic design, that is, the creation of a plan, the basic rules of which are:
*Planting and placement of plants should be of a group nature, that is, plants of the same species or closely related species should be planted in close proximity to each other, otherwise the area will take on a scanty, deserted appearance.
* When planting plants and carrying out other artistic and design activities, straight lines should be avoided. Plants in particular are not recommended to be planted in a straight line, as this does not contribute to the development of bushiness in them. Extremely strict symmetry is also undesirable because of its unnatural appearance, although a certain balance and balanced composition of design elements must certainly be present.
Components landscape design
Landscape design elements are diverse. Their main groups:
* The buildings themselves, forming the center of a landscape project, the main goal of which is to smooth out, soften their pressure on the surrounding nature, remove construction waste, and disguise defects and flaws.
* Lawn covering formed by various types of grasses.
* Green spaces in the form of individual trees, shrubs, as well as their combinations and entire ensembles (garden, flower bed, ridge, etc.)
* Various large decorative elements
(lake, pond, stream, fountain, stones, sculpture).
* Smaller artistic details (light, music pendant, candles, etc.)
Green spaces
Green spaces are a collection of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants in a certain area.
The basis and main background of all landscape design plantings is a lawn or lawn covering. They differ:
English lawn- composed of sedge and related cereal herbs; has a regular, trimmed, but somewhat unnatural appearance, quickly “bores” the eye, and is more suitable for the industrial, business and professional sports sectors.
Moorish lawn- in addition to herbs, it also includes wildflowers, has an asymmetrical and rather bright, elegant appearance, is mowed only a couple of times a year, and is more suitable for private sector buildings with an individual layout for recreational and entertainment purposes.
Shrubs
Shrubs- these are plants of medium height, usually no more than a meter. They have hard and flexible stems that begin to branch near the ground. Typically, shrubs grow in arid and hot areas, and therefore many of them have small and hard leaves, from which moisture does not evaporate so quickly, and roots that go deep into the ground are able to extract water from the lowest layers of the soil, where it is stored during drought.
Trees
Tree- life form of woody plants with a single, distinct, perennial, lignified to varying degrees, persisting throughout life, branched (except for palm trees) main axis - the trunk
Reservoirs
When creating a reservoir, the materials from which it is made play special importance. The main materials used to create reservoirs are: polyethylene, fiberglass, PVC film,
butyl rubber.
Streams and cascades
A stream is a small watercourse, usually ranging in width from several tens of centimeters to several meters. Typically, the length of the stream does not exceed several kilometers, and the depth rarely exceeds 1.5 meters.
Fountains
A fountain is a structure that serves as a base or frame for jets of water gushing up or flowing down. Initially, fountains were built primarily only as a source of drinking water. Then the combination of moving water with architecture, sculpture and green spaces became one of the means of creating various solutions in architecture and landscape art. Fountains were a favorite decoration of city squares in ancient, medieval Western European cities, in the countries of the Near and Middle East, and in India. In the 16th-18th centuries. grandiose systems of fountains were created in villas and palace and park complexes. Modern fountains are given a decorative character, which is enhanced by electric lighting and music in the evening.
Lighting organization
The creation of landscape lighting begins with a site plan where all dimensions are indicated and marked: frequently visited places, points of attraction, places that should be illuminated (paths, steps, bridges, benches), power supply points.
There are several basic techniques for landscape lighting:
* illumination from top to bottom
* illumination from bottom to top
* illumination of paths (pedestrian paths, driveways)
* backlighting (used to create silhouettes, shadows)
* spot lighting (used to attract attention)
* underwater lighting
Landscape as a health factor
urban landscape
Natural landscape
The healing effect stimulates vitality and calms the nervous system.
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Landscape design and landscaping of the site Geography teacher Tatyana Yakovlevna Khobotova Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 3 of Petrovsk, Saratov region Presentation for a panorama lesson on ecology in the 8th grade
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Landscape ecology 8th grade. The course “Introduction to Landscape Ecology” sets the goal of forming in students an idea of the landscape as part of the geographical envelope, the components of which are interdependent. Acquaintance with the typologies and specifics of the study of landscape ecology - the natural-anthropogenic landscape and approaches to the analysis of its ecological state. It is recommended to study the course using examples of specific situations.
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Goals and objectives... Expand your horizons in landscape design Understand what landscape design is. Improve skills and abilities in working with additional material and the latest information technology. Learn how to properly arrange and landscape areas. Develop “your own” types of landscape design in our region.
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The role of landscape for humans The cultural landscape should be beautiful. The benefit of an aesthetic landscape is to maintain a person’s physical and spiritual health and educational potential. There are many cultural landscape ensembles in Russia (St. Petersburg, Tsarskoe Selo, Peterhof). Landscape designers work on the creation of cultural landscapes. With the cultural landscape, the material and spiritual wealth of the nation accumulated over centuries is passed on from era to era. The cultural landscape environment grows and shapes future generations. People build and protect their native landscapes, and landscapes educate people.
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Recommendations for creating landscape design Landscape design of a site involves the artificial creation of an environment using natural components. Of course, much when developing a landscape design project depends on the soil, topography and climate.
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A landscape designed in accordance with a certain style can create a special atmosphere and transport your home to another era only if the landscape design project is fully consistent with the architectural style of the house itself. As a rule, there are two main styles of landscape design - formal and landscape. In the first case, it will be a landscape design, the main elements of which are strictly defined figures; in the second, the design is designed to emphasize the natural beauty of nature.
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Today, there are a lot of elements of landscape design of a site, the use of which will create a unique landscaping of the territory. The most common of them are large-sized ones, alpine coaster, flower beds and flower beds
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Irrigation system for areas Watering is essential for plants, and no matter where the water comes from, it refreshes the plants and is absorbed into the soil, carrying nutrients to the roots of the plants. Therefore, it is so important to think over the irrigation system for the site and install an automatic watering system. Of course, you can water the area with a watering can or drag hoses around the area with various attachments, however, recently the use of an automatic watering system has become increasingly popular.
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Landscape lighting, landscape lighting design In autumn and winter, your garden quickly plunges into darkness. Landscape lighting will help you be outdoors in the evenings. In the summer twilight, landscape lighting will allow you to enjoy peace, be alone or sit with family and friends. A competent landscape lighting design for your site will make any corner of it accessible at any time of the day. Landscape lighting uses both tall lanterns and directional lighting. Exist different kinds landscape lighting control.
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Landscaping and landscaping When choosing seedlings for landscaping the area, try to imagine how harmoniously their foliage will fit into the overall palette of the site: will it shade it beautifully, will it be able to match the color, shape and color intensity with the landscape
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Finishing with natural stone Finishing with natural stone will emphasize the beauty of your home and the area adjacent to it and unite all the details into a single whole. We use natural stone finishing in landscape work in almost all areas. Using natural stone in its natural or processed form, you can decorate the facade or basement of a house, decorate a fireplace room with natural stone, or winter Garden. And the landscape of your site using natural stone for the design of winding paths, rock gardens and ponds, grottoes, waterfalls will be especially expressive.
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Creating flower beds, decorating flower beds Creating flower beds and decorating flower beds can make any garden more interesting. You can achieve extraordinary and long-lasting flowering of the garden - after all, in addition to snowdrops in early spring Chionodoxes and hellebores are blooming, and autumn crocuses, colchicums and some cyclamens are seeing off the year. Everywhere there is a huge variety of seeds of annuals, perennials for mixborders, plants for rockeries, and bulbs. Of course, you can create flower beds and design flower beds yourself. But this time-consuming, painstaking task can take up all your free time.
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In order to get a spectacular flowerbed or lawn, it is necessary to select plants in such a way that they are not only nearby, but also have similar “tastes” ( temperature regime, illumination, air humidity). Thus, one of the secrets of successful landscaping is correctly selected plants that will meet all the goals set. The more suitable conditions are provided for plants, the better they will develop, and, therefore, the longer they will decorate your site.
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Landscape styles The regular style of park landscape, which is often called French, is the brainchild of the era of absolutism. The basic principle of a regular style in landscape design is order and regularity in everything. A French-style park is built according to a single plan, subordinated to a certain general idea. All the lines of this park are geometrically correct, its paths are usually straight, and if not, then the lines of their bends are drawn on the plan using a compass.
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Chinese landscape style The traditional Chinese garden is called a reflection of the soul of its owner. And just as the human soul is unique, so is the appearance of the garden. It can embody elements of local tradition, the philosophical and religious views of the owner or creator of the garden, and the characteristics of his personal character. In a Chinese-style garden, it is very difficult to determine the line between artificial and natural, between the creation of human hands and nature. The Chinese garden always strives for perfection, for the ideal in the relationship between land and water, hills and plains, plants and open space. The main principles of a Chinese garden are hierarchy and harmony. Therefore, in the landscape of a Chinese garden there is always a certain center, a key composition, to which other elements are subordinate.
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It can occupy a corner or niche inside or outside the house and extend a couple of steps from the wall. And the size of the trees will match the size of the garden - but these will be real mature trees. The art of growing them is also part of the Japanese tradition, and today such dwarf trees, called bonsai, are also known throughout the world. But in Europe they are most often grown in pots on the windowsill, while in Japan they can be part of a full-fledged garden. Japanese garden In a Japanese garden there is never anything excessive, pretentious, or standing out from the general background. There is no riot of colors or bizarre variety of plants here. And at the same time, there is nothing secondary or redundant here that you can do without. A Japanese garden may consist of one tree. Or from several trees located in accordance with a certain philosophical idea, which can only be comprehended through meditation.
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Slide captions:
Technology teacher - Zhuravleva S.S.
In ancient Egypt, the first “pleasure gardens” appeared among wealthy priests. Their images, where they relax in the shade of trees and enjoy the taste of fruit, can be seen on ancient Egyptian frescoes. Ancient gardens
Hanging Gardens of Babylon in Babylon. This structure consisted of 4 terraces, towering above each other. The two lower terraces were planted with trees, and the upper ones with shrubs and flowers.
In Thebes, the ancient city of Greece, the pergola became widespread at that time. It was such an “airy” structure, decorated with bunches of grapes or other plants, which stretched along the entire territory of the yard. And the arbors were entwined different types roses
In China and Japan, landscape art originated in ancient times. Garden styles in these countries were formed under the influence of ancient philosophies and primordial religions that called for the unity of nature and man. The gardens of China and Japan are characterized by peace, tranquility and silence. They necessarily included water features, gazebos and stones.
The Renaissance of the XIV-XVI centuries became a certain milestone in the formation of landscape art. In the parks of that era, an abundance of sculptures appeared, entire sculptural alleys were created, spreading trees and tall shrubs were planted, and artificial reservoirs were created. Medieval and Modern Gardens
In the 17th century, classic regular parks with straight ribbons of numerous paths were in fashion. Around the same time, the concepts of garden and park were divided in Europe. Gardens began to be used more for privacy and relaxation. And parks have become places for various celebrations with a large number of people. They arranged in the parks theatrical performances, concerts, illumination evening celebrations.
Regular park
By the 18th century, the regular style, then fashionable in Europe, was replaced by landscape painting, which came from the East. Public parks have become closer to nature. The routes of the paths in them were thought out in such a way as to combine places with the most beautiful landscapes.
Landscape style
In Russia, landscape art developed almost at the same pace as European art. However, the most recent trends in Russia appeared when Peter I “cut” a window to Europe. History of landscape design in Russia
In the 17th century, amusement parks and botanical greenhouses appeared in Russia. Particularly popular were labyrinth parks, the paths of which were separated by high hedges. And soon, flower beds with fragrant flowers were replaced by flower beds with bulbous plants: daffodils, tulips, hyacinths - a kind of greeting from friendly Holland.
Park labyrinth
Landscape design of modern times The change of directions and styles, in any country, has never happened spontaneously. Styles seemed to be layered on top of each other, new trends gradually replaced older trends. This layering is especially noticeable during the 19th century.
The twentieth century brought major changes not only to the history of landscape design, but also to garden architecture. New enchanting buildings have appeared, thanks to which the border between the home interior and the garden landscape has become almost invisible.
Today in the world there are gardens of any direction and style. There is no predominance of one style or another. Moreover, mixing several styles and using some creatively processed elements is encouraged. However, the history of the development of landscape art did not stop there; it is being improved to this day. Because people constantly come up with new ideas. Everyone creates a garden to their own taste, and as a result new styles appear. This is how the further development of this beautiful art occurs.
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An English (landscape) garden assumes naturalness in the placement of elements and greater smoothness of lines, imitating a natural landscape: winding paths, picturesque ponds, “natural” compositions of plants that are planted in tiers (trees, shrubs, undergrowth, flowers).
Japanese style In a Japanese garden, a model of the world is created in a limited space; it is a smaller copy of the landscape. The main elements of such gardens are small lakes with arched bridges, pavilions with tiled roofs, compositions made of natural stones
Country style incorporates bright spots of flower beds, an abandoned bench in an old orchard, fragrant thickets of lilac and jasmine, sun-drenched green lawns - in general, everything that gives our soul a feeling of joy and serenity and is so attractive in country life. It is this direction of landscape design that is closest to the mentality and most acceptable for the majority of our domestic gardeners.
