What he studies: High energy chemistry. What is studied: High energy chemistry High energy chemistry number 3, 1982

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AGREEMENT - PUBLIC OFFER

Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Publishing House "Nauka" represented by Acting Director Dmitry Pavlovich Korotkov, acting on the basis of the Charter, hereinafter referred to as "Publishing house", on the one hand, and the Internet user, hereinafter referred to as "User", on the other hand, collectively referred to as the “Parties”, have entered into this agreement (hereinafter referred to as the “Agreement”)

Agreement, in accordance with Article 435 and Part 2 of Article 437 of the Civil Code Russian Federation, is public offer(offer) to an unlimited number of persons, Internet users.

In accordance with Article 438 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, full and unconditional acceptance (acceptance) of the Agreement is the User’s confirmation of his consent to the terms of the Agreement or his making a voluntary payment.

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1.1.User is an Internet user who has accepted the terms of the Agreement and is registered on the Publishing House website.

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3.1.1. Provide the User with the opportunity to view, read and download the Work no later than 24 hours from the moment Billing confirms the payment made and identifies the User as the payer of the payment made. If the User registers and pays for a preliminary subscription in accordance with clause 2.2. Agreement, to provide the User with the opportunity to view, read and download the Work no later than 24 hours from the moment of their placement in the Catalog, subject to Billing confirming the previously made payment and identifying the User as the payer of the payment made.

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3.2.1. Register on the Publishing House website. Set a Login and Password, the uniqueness of which is confirmed by the Publishing House. At the same time, strictly and strictly follow the instructions of the “Publishing House” on the registration procedure posted on the “Publishing House” Website.

3.2.2. Pay for the opportunity to view, read and download Works in accordance with clause 4 of the Agreement.

3.2.3. Ensure the confidentiality of the Login and Password provided during registration.

3.2.4. Use downloaded Works exclusively for personal purposes.

In this case, the User is granted the following rights to use the Works:

provide remote access to the Works on the Internet through the Publishing House Website, which means the ability to search, view, download and read the Works.
quote in the original and in translation for scientific, research, polemical, critical and informational purposes excerpts from the Works to the extent justified by the purpose of quoting,
use individual parts of the Works from them as illustrations in publications, radio and television broadcasts, sound and video recordings of an educational nature to the extent justified by the purpose;
use of Works (their components) under this Agreement is carried out with the obligatory indication of the name of the authors (co-authors) of the Works (their component parts), the name of the copyright holder of the Works indicated in the Work.

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transfer or distribute downloaded Works to third parties, either in whole or in part, except for the cases provided for in clause 3.2.4. Agreement;
communicate publicly the Works, both in whole and in part, through well-known broadcast channels, such as radio, television, etc., except for the cases provided for in clause 3.2.4. Agreement;
remake, change or otherwise process the texts of the Works.
use other software for automatic search and downloading, except those implemented on the Publishing House website

Failure to comply with the requirements of clause 3.2.5. The agreement is a violation of copyright law and is punishable by law!

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5. Responsibility of the parties. Limitation of liability of the Publisher.

5.1. The User assumes full responsibility and risks associated with the use of the Catalog.

5.2. The User is fully responsible for the use of the Login and Password by third parties.

5.3. The User is fully responsible for the use by third parties of information transmitted to the Publishing House to the email address specified by the User during registration.

5.4. The Publishing House is not responsible for any expenses of the User or direct or indirect damage that may be caused to the User as a result of using the Catalog.

5.5. The Publishing House is not responsible for the quality of access to the Catalog via the Internet.

5.6. Under no circumstances is the Publishing House liable for the use of the Login and Password by third parties.

5.7. The Publishing House is not responsible for direct or indirect damage incurred by the User as a result of data transmission errors, failures/defects in operation software and/or equipment, loss and damage to data, errors in processing or displaying data, delays in data transfer and other failures that were not the fault of the Publishing House.

5.8. The Publishing House website and all related services are provided on an “as is” basis, without any express or implied warranties that the specified Website and (or) services may or may not be suitable for a particular purpose of use.

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5.10. Under no circumstances is the Publishing House liable for any expenses of the User or direct or indirect damage, including lost profits or lost data, damage to honor, dignity or business reputation which may be caused to the User as a result of using the Site and (or) related services.

5.11. If it is impossible for the Publishing House to provide the User with the opportunity to view, read and download the Work for reasons beyond the control of the Publishing House, the Publishing House, at the request of the User, will return the advance payment received. In this case, the amount of responsibility of the “Publisher” is limited to the amount of the advance payment received from the User for the opportunity to view, read and download the Work, which was not provided.

6. Duration of the Agreement

6.1. The Agreement comes into force from the moment the User accepts the terms of the Agreement (each Appendix to the Agreement comes into force from the moment the User accepts the terms of this Appendix) and is valid until the Parties fully fulfill their obligations.

7. Force majeure circumstances

7.1. The parties are released from liability for partial or complete failure to fulfill obligations under this Agreement if such failure was a direct consequence of force majeure circumstances (force majeure circumstances) that arose after the conclusion of the Agreement, as a result of extraordinary events, namely: fire, flood, hurricane and earthquake or imposition of bodies state power restrictions on the activities of any of the Parties, and if these circumstances could not be foreseen or prevented by the Parties by reasonable measures.

8. Other conditions

8.1. In the event that any provision or any part of a provision of the Agreement is found to be invalid or unenforceable legal force, the remaining provisions and parts of the provisions of the Agreement remain in full force and effect.

8.2. All Appendices to this Agreement are an integral part of it.

8.3. In all other respects, the Parties agreed to be guided by the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

8.4. The Publishing House has the right to make changes to the Agreement with the obligatory posting of the relevant information on the Publishing House website no later than 30 (thirty) calendar days before the relevant changes come into force.

8.5. For any questions that arise, the User has the right to contact the Publishing House Support Service at the following email address:

9. Dispute resolution

9.1. Disputes and disagreements that may arise under this Agreement are resolved by following the pre-trial (claims) procedure. The period for consideration by the Publishing House of a claim is 10 (Ten) calendar days from the date of its receipt from the User.

9.2. If the Parties do not come to an agreement, these disputes and disagreements are resolved in court in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation in the court at the location of the Publishing House in accordance with the rules of jurisdiction and jurisdiction.

10. Privacy Notice

10.1 User’s consent to provide personal information, is determined by agreement with this public offer, which occurs automatically when the User goes through the registration procedure on the Publishing House website.

10.2 “Publishing House” collects and stores only the necessary personal data of the User. “Publishing House” may use the User’s personal data to identify him, clarify payment details, provide personalized services, feedback with the User, processing applications and requests, performing impersonal statistical calculations and improving the quality of services provided to the User.

10.3. The Publishing House has the right to transfer the User’s personal information to third parties only in cases where the User has expressed his consent to such actions, the transfer is necessary to provide services to the User, the transfer is provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

"Publishing house": Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Publishing House "Nauka"

TERMS OF USE

1. General Provisions

1.1. The present Terms of use(hereinafter referred to as the Agreement) refers to the website of the Electronic Library System - www. (hereinafter referred to as “Electronic Library System”).

1.2. Website of the Electronic Library System www. (hereinafter referred to as the Site) is the property of the Federal State unitary enterprise“Academic Scientific Publishing, Production, Printing and Book Distribution Center “Nauka” (FSUE “Publishing House “Nauka”).

1.3. This Agreement governs the relationship between the Administration of the “Electronic Library System” website www. (hereinafter referred to as the Site Administration) and the User (Users) of this Site.

1.4. This agreement, in accordance with Article 435 and paragraph 2 of Article 437 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, is a public offer to an unlimited number of persons, Internet users.

1.5. In accordance with Article 438 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, full and unconditional acceptance (acceptance) of the Agreement is:

confirmation by the User of his consent to the terms of the Agreement;
making an advance payment;
commencement of use of any Work;
beginning to use any services of the Site under the terms of the Agreement.

1.6. The site administration reserves the right to change, add or delete clauses of this Agreement at any time without notifying the User.

1.7. Continued use of the Site by the User means acceptance of the Agreement and the changes made to this Agreement.

1.8. The User is personally responsible for checking this Agreement for changes to it.

2. Terms used in the Agreement

2.1. User – an Internet user, any individual or legal entity (representative of a legal entity) who voluntarily completed Registration and/or began using any services of the Site.

2.2. Works (Content) – electronic versions of scientific publications, including periodicals, as well as non-periodical publications, presented electronically on the Internet in various formats, posted on the Website of the Electronic Library System, accessible to Users through the Website of the Electronic Library System.

2.3. Catalog – a collection of Works.

2.4. Login and Password are two unique sets of characters that identify the User.

2.5. The website “Electronic Library System” is an information resource on the Internet owned by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Publishing House “Nauka”, located on the domain www. .

2.6. Site Administration - employees authorized to manage the Site, acting on behalf of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Publishing House "Nauka"

2.7. Downloading – recording by the User of Works into the computer memory.

2.8. Billing is a payment accounting system.

2.9. User Account – Authentication and personal data of the User stored on the servers of the Electronic Library System Site. An account is created as a result of the User's registration procedure and may be required in order to take advantage of certain features or certain functions of the Site.

3. Subject of the Agreement

3.1. The “Electronic Library System” provides the User with the opportunity to view, read and download Works presented in the Catalog on a paid basis.

3.2. The user can register and pay for a preliminary annual (partial annual) subscription for the ability to view, read and download electronic versions of Works, as well as a preliminary subscription for the opportunity to receive a collection of Works that are not posted in the Catalog at the time of registration and payment.

4. Responsibilities of the parties

4.1. Responsibilities of the “Site Administration”:

4.1.1. Provide the User with the opportunity to view, read and download the Work on the Site no later than 24 hours from the moment Billing confirms the payment made and identifies the User as the payer of the payment made. If the User registers and pays for a preliminary subscription in accordance with clause 3.2. Agreement, to provide the User with the opportunity to view, read and download the Work no later than 24 hours from the moment of their placement in the Catalog, subject to confirmation by Billing of the previously made payment and identification of the User as the payer of the payment made.

4.1.2. Do not disclose to third parties the Login and Password, the User’s email address, as well as other information received from the User during registration.

4.1.3. Notify the User of changes to the terms of the Agreement and its Appendices by posting relevant information on the Electronic Library System Website at least 30 (thirty) calendar days before the changes come into force.

4.2. User Responsibilities:

4.2.1. Register on the “Electronic Library System” website. Set a Login and Password, the uniqueness of which is confirmed by the “Site Administration”. At the same time, strictly and strictly follow the instructions of the Site Administration on the registration procedure posted on the “Electronic Library System” Site.

4.2.2. Pay for the opportunity to view, read and download Works in accordance with clause 4 of the Agreement.

4.2.3. Ensure the confidentiality of the Login and Password provided during registration.

4.2.4. Use the downloaded Works exclusively for personal purposes. In this case, the User is granted the following rights to use the Works:

provide remote access on the Internet through the Website of the Electronic Library System to Works, which means the ability to search, view, download and read Works.
print out individual parts of the Works for archival purposes only.
record and store individual parts of the Works in the memory of a computer owned by the User for archival, educational and research purposes;
quote in the original and in translation in scientific, research, polemical, critical, informational and educational purposes, excerpts of Works to the extent justified by the purpose of quoting,
reproduce in newspapers, broadcast or broadcast by cable for public information certain parts of the Works to the extent justified by the informational purpose.
the use of the Works (their component parts) under this Agreement is carried out with the obligatory indication of the name of the authors (co-authors) of the Works (their component parts), the name of the copyright holder of the Works indicated in the Work.

4.2.5. The user does not have the right:

transfer or distribute downloaded Works to third parties, either in whole or in part, except for the cases provided for in clause 4.2.4. Agreements;
communicate publicly the Works in full, through well-known broadcast channels, such as radio, television, etc., except for the cases provided for in clause 4.2.4. Agreements;
reproduce the Works, that is, make copies of the Works or parts thereof in any material form if this reproduction is for the purpose of further distribution;
make the Works available to the public using the Internet and other digital networks both completely and partially;
change or otherwise process the texts of the Works.
print the entire Work, which is a magazine issue, magazine or book;
post links to the Works available for use by the User on any resources in such a way that a third party has access to these Works. In particular, the User is prohibited from providing third parties with information necessary to gain access to personal pages of the Site that require User authorization.
use other software for automatic searching and downloading, except those implemented on the Electronic Library System website
Failure by the User to comply with the requirements of clause 4.2.5. The Agreement is a violation of copyright law and entails the consequences specified in clause 10.1 and clause 10.2 of the Agreement.

4.2.6. All information posted on the Electronic Library System Website about the procedure for using the Catalog, the payment procedure and other features of the execution of the Agreement is an integral part of the Agreement and is binding on the User.

5. Payment terms

5.1. The user makes an advance payment in Russian rubles on the terms specified on the Website of the Electronic Library System.

5.2. Payment methods are indicated on the Site in the Payment Methods section. The agreed payment method is the method selected by the User from the available payment methods on the Electronic Library System Website.

5.3. The procedure for payment using bank cards is indicated on the Website in the Payment Methods section. Transactions using bank cards can only be performed by the card holder. Authorization of transactions on bank cards is carried out by the bank. Acceptance and processing of payments using bank cards is carried out by the electronic payment provider Yandex.Kassa or another electronic payment provider. The “site administration” does not process, including collecting and storing Users’ bank card data.

5.4. The price for providing the User - an individual with the opportunity to view, read and download Works is indicated on the Website of the Electronic Library System in the relevant sections. For users who are legal entities, prices are sent by the “Site Administration” upon request through agreed communication channels. The “Site Administration” has the right to unilaterally change current prices by posting relevant information on the Website of the “Electronic Library System” or informing Users in any other accessible way. Any price change does not affect already paid access.

6. Responsibility of the parties. Limitation of liability of the Electronic Library System.

6.1. The User assumes full responsibility and risks associated with the use of the Catalog.

6.2. The User is fully responsible for the use of the Login and Password by third parties.

6.3. The User is fully responsible for the use by third parties of information transmitted by the “Site Administration” to the email address specified by the User during registration.

6.4. The “Site Administration” is not responsible for any expenses of the User or direct or indirect damage that may be caused to the User as a result of using the Catalog.

6.5. The “site administration” is not responsible for the quality of access to the Catalog via the Internet.

6.6. Under no circumstances is the “Site Administration” liable for the use of the Login and Password by third parties.

6.7. The “site administration” is not responsible for direct or indirect damage incurred by the User as a result of data transmission errors, failures/defects in the operation of software and/or equipment, data loss and damage, errors in processing or displaying data, delays in data transmission and others failures that occurred through no fault of the Site Administration.

6.8. The Electronic Library System website and all related services are provided on an “as is” basis, without any express or implied warranties that the said Website and/or services may or may not be suitable for a particular purpose of use.

6.9. The “Site Administration” is not responsible for the inability to use the Site and (or) related services by the User for any reason, including, but not limited to: errors, omissions, interruptions, deletion, defects, delay in processing or transmission of data, disruption of work communication lines, equipment malfunction, any technical failures or other problems of any telephone networks or services, computer systems, servers or providers, computer or telephone equipment, software, failure of providers of certain services, theft, destruction or unauthorized access to User materials , posted on the Site or in any other place, etc.

6.10. Under no circumstances is the “Site Administration” liable for any expenses of the User or direct or indirect damage, including lost profits or lost data, damage to honor, dignity or business reputation that may be caused to the User as a result of using the Site and (or) related services .

6.11. If it is impossible for the “Electronic Library System” to provide the User with the opportunity to view, read and download the Work for reasons beyond the control of the “Site Administration”, the “Site Administration”, at the request of the User, returns the received advance payment. In this case, the amount of responsibility of the “Site Administration” is limited to the amount of the advance payment received from the User for the opportunity to view, read and download the Work, which was not provided.

7. Duration of the Agreement

7.1. The Agreement comes into force from the moment the User accepts the terms of the Agreement (each Appendix to the Agreement comes into force from the moment the User accepts the terms of this Appendix) and is valid until the Parties fully fulfill their obligations.

8. Force majeure circumstances

8.1. The parties are released from liability for partial or complete failure to fulfill obligations under this Agreement if such failure was a direct consequence of force majeure circumstances (force majeure circumstances) that arose after the conclusion of the Agreement, as a result of emergency events, namely: fire, flood, hurricane and earthquake or restrictions imposed by government authorities on the activities of any of the Parties, and if these circumstances could not be foreseen or prevented by the Parties by reasonable measures.

9. Other conditions

9.1. In the event that any provision or any part of the Agreement is held to be invalid or unenforceable, the remaining provisions and portions of the Agreement will remain in full force and effect.

9.2. In all other respects, the Parties to the Agreement agreed to be guided by the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

9.3. The “Site Administration” has the right to make changes to the Agreement with the obligatory posting of the relevant information on the Website of the “Electronic Library System” no later than 30 (thirty) calendar days before the relevant changes come into force.

9.4. Relations between the “Site Administration” and the User, who are legal entities, are regulated on the basis of separately concluded Agreements, which specify the specific terms of the relationship between the Parties.

9.5. For any questions that arise, the User has the right to contact the Site Support Service at the following email address:

10. Dispute resolution

10.1. Disputes and disagreements that may arise under this Agreement are resolved by following the pre-trial (claim) procedure. The period for consideration by the Site Administration of a claim is 10 (Ten) calendar days from the date of its receipt from the User.

10.2. If the Parties do not come to an agreement, these disputes and disagreements are resolved in court in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation in the court at the location of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Publishing House “Nauka”” in accordance with the rules of jurisdiction and jurisdiction.

11. Privacy Notice

11.1. The User's consent to provide personal information is determined by agreement with this public offer, which occurs automatically when the User goes through the registration procedure on the Site.

11.2. In accordance with Federal Law“On Personal Data” No. 152-FZ of July 27, 2006 and this privacy policy, the Site Administration does not use, process or store the User’s personal data.

11.3. The “Site Administration” collects and stores only the User data necessary for the operation of the Site. The “site administration” can use the User’s data to identify him, clarify payment data, provide personalized services, provide feedback to the User, process applications and requests, perform impersonal statistical calculations and improve the quality of services provided to the User.

Specialty code: 02.00.09 High energy chemistry

Description of specialty: High energy chemistry is a branch of chemical science that studies chemical reactions and transformations that occur in matter under the influence of non-thermal energy. The mechanisms and kinetics of such reactions and transformations are characterized by significantly nonequilibrium concentrations of fast, excited or ionized particles with an energy greater than their energy thermal movement and in some cases chemical bonding. The carriers of non-thermal energy acting on matter are accelerated electrons and ions, fast and slow neutrons, alpha and beta particles, positrons, muons, pions, atoms and molecules at supersonic speeds, quanta of electromagnetic radiation, as well as pulsed electric, magnetic and acoustic fields. High-energy chemistry processes are distinguished by time stages into physical, occurring in femtoseconds or less, during which non-thermal energy is distributed unevenly in the medium and a “hot spot” is formed, physical-chemical, during which nonequilibrium and inhomogeneity in the “hot spot” are manifested. stain" and, finally, chemical, in which the transformations of matter obey the laws of general chemistry. The variety of types of non-thermal energy carriers determines the inclusion of a number of independent areas of chemical science in the nomenclature of high-energy chemistry, including laser chemistry, plasma chemistry, radiation chemistry, photochemistry, mechanochemistry and nuclear chemistry. In research in high energy chemistry, in addition to instrumental methods for recording fast chemical and physical processes, electronic and optical spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, resonance spectrometry, positron annihilation, methods of quantum electronics, atomic and nuclear physics, theoretical chemistry, in particular mathematical and quantum chemistry, as well as methods of physical and analytical chemistry.

Field of study:
1. Establishment of patterns of interaction between non-thermal energy carriers and matter in any state of aggregation.
2. Determination of characteristic parameters and local distribution of non-thermal energy in the “hot spot” at various types interaction of this energy with matter.
3. Identification, qualitative and quantitative of primary products of chemical reactions in the “hot spot”, their reactivity and other physicochemical properties; study of the composition of intermediate particles and final products of chemical reactions, as well as the mechanisms and kinetics of these reactions.
4. Study of photochemical reactions, ionomolecular reactions, reactions involving solvated electrons and free radicals.
5. Determination of the resistance of compounds and materials to the effects of certain non-thermal energy carriers.
6. Application of high-energy chemistry processes in chemical synthesis, targeted modification of material properties, surface treatment and coating, methods for cleaning and processing industrial waste and other applied chemistry problems.
7. Development, creation and optimization of technologies using high-energy chemistry processes.

Branch of sciences:
Technical science
chemical sciences
physical and mathematical sciences

Scientometric indicators

Usage

6795 Download full texts 2018
Springer measures the number of full text downloads from the SpringerLink platform according to the COUNTER (Counting Online Usage of NeTworked Electronic Resources) standards.
23 Usage factor 2017/2018
The utilization factor is a value calculated according to the rules recommended by COUNTER. This is the average (median) number of downloads in 2017/18. for all articles published online in the same journal during the same period. Usage factor calculations are based on data compliant with COUNTER standards on the SpringerLink platform.

Influence

0.634 Impact factor 2018
Impact factor published by Clarivate Analytics in Journal Citation Reports. Impact factors refer to the previous year.
0.59 Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2018
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) measures the contextual citation impact of a journal by weighting citations within each subject group. The contribution of each individual citation is higher in each specific subject category, the less likely (from considerations of subject content) that such a citation will occur.
Q4 Quartile: Physical and Theoretical Chemistry 2018
A set of journals from the same subject category are ranked according to their SJR and divided into 4 groups called quartiles. Q1 (green) unites journals with the highest scores, Q2 (yellow) - the next ones, Q3 (orange) - the third group by SJR value, Q4 (red) - journals with the lowest scores.
0.27 SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2018
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) is a measure of a journal's scientific impact that takes into account the number of citations a journal receives and the ranking of citing journals.
19 H-Index 2018

SCOPE

High Energy Chemistry publishes original articles, reviews, and short communications on molecular and supramolecular photochemistry, photobiology, radiation chemistry, plasma chemistry, chemistry of nanosized systems, chemistry of new atoms, processes and materials for optical information systems and other areas of high energy chemistry. It publishes theoretical and experimental studies in all areas of high energy chemistry, such as the interaction of high-energy particles with matter, the nature and reactivity of short-lived species induced by the action of particle and electromagnetic radiation or hot atoms on substances in their gaseous and condensed states, and chemical processes initiated in organic and inorganic systems by high-energy radiation.

Indexing and abstracting

Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), Chimica, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences, EBSCO Academic Search, EBSCO Advanced Placement Source, EBSCO Discovery Service, EBSCO Engineering Source, EBSCO Environment, EBSCO STM Source, Gale, Gale Academic OneFile, Gale InfoTrac, Google Scholar, INIS Atomindex, INSPEC, Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China, Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST), Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, Naver, OCLC WorldCat Discovery Service, ProQuest Central, ProQuest Materials Science and Engineering Database, ProQuest SciTech Premium Collection, ProQuest Technology Collection, ProQuest-ExLibris Primo, ProQuest-ExLibris Summon, Reaction Citation Index, Reaxys, SCImago, SCOPUS, Science Citation Index, Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch), Semantic Scholar.

The concept of high-energy physics is now quite well known, including to the common man, because in recent years many gigantic projects have been created in this area (primarily the Large Hadron Collider). High-energy physics at the initial level is understandable to many: everyone knows that there is a search for new elementary particles, new elements are synthesized through collisions, for this purpose giant installations are built, tunnels tens of kilometers long, and even at the everyday level it is clear that this is associated with very high energies. Much fewer people know what “high energy chemistry” is, even in the professional chemistry community. Not because it is something exotic, but because this term has not yet found such wide application. Although, if you understand its deep essence, everything becomes quite obvious.

1. Thermal reactions

If in the Large Hadron Collider we're talking about about the energies that are created by giant generators, about insane discharges that can kill a person, then in high-energy chemistry everything is different. Sunlight entering through a window in a room is already high energy for a chemical system. It is important to determine which criterion is at work here.

How are almost all chemical reactions known to us from school started? The vast majority of reactions are driven by thermal energy. Thermal energy is communicated to the system, certain vibrational modes are excited, the molecule or parts of the molecule begin to move differently. If you look at this from the point of view of quantum chemistry, then the system reaches a higher vibrational level and there behaves in such a way that the reaction becomes inevitable. There are terms such as “adiabatic” and “non-adiabatic processes” (instead of the second term you can say “diabatic” so that there is no double negative in a mixture of Russian and Greek), and if thermal reactions are adiabatic, then high-energy chemistry deals specifically with non-adiabatic processes .

2. Electronically excited state

Thermal reactions are what occur within a single potential energy surface. If you imagine a mountain range, then a thermal reaction is a transition from one valley to another valley through a mountain pass. At the same time, most likely, in the second valley everything is more favorable in terms of energy, roughly speaking (continuing the analogy, we can say that it lies lower). Not so with high energy chemistry. Here we are not on one surface, but are moving to some other one. This other surface is called the electronically excited state. That is, if we continue the analogy with a mountain pass, we climb a tower, a cable car, and this cable car goes over the mountain pass. So instead of walking across the pass, we zip over it. How is this expressed when we talk about chemical processes? High energies can be communicated, for example, by light, which corresponds to one of the branches of high energy chemistry - photochemistry. Or ionizing radiation, which corresponds to radiation chemistry. In the vast majority of cases, they are higher than what can be communicated to the system using thermal effects. Moreover, from the point of view of physics, these are quite low energies, but if we talk about the excitation of a chemical system, that is, how the atoms in the molecule behave, there is a very significant difference, and due to the fact that we move to another potential surface energy, a lot of other possibilities open up. Imagine that there is some kind of insurmountable peak, but if you drive over it, you will be able to get to places where we could not reach on foot. This analogy is very revealing here. The fact that other electronically excited states are involved in the system opens the way to new reaction mechanisms. And this is valid both for photochemistry and radiation chemistry, as well as for the third branch of high-energy chemistry - plasma chemistry.

3. High energy chemistry in everyday life

If carrying out radiation-chemical reactions requires special equipment and sources of ionizing radiation (these include electron beams, gamma radiation, X-rays), then some of the simplest photochemical experiments can be carried out even at home. That is, if you put some bright postcard on the window for a couple of days or a week in the summer, you will see that it fades. This means that a photochemical reaction occurs: light is absorbed by the dye on the paper, and processes occur that would not occur if the postcard were simply left in a warm place, because the light transfers energy, which is enough to transfer the system to electronically excited state.

4. Photochemical reactions

Photochemical reactions in a primitive form have been known since medieval times, but the nature of these phenomena became finally understood only in the 20th century. Although in the 19th century some quantitative patterns of photochemical reactions had already been described, but then scientists could only carry out some simple processes, those that can now be carried out in physical chemistry workshops, for example, the decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide. Photochemistry is a gigantic branch of chemistry, which is directly related to macromolecular chemistry, since, for example, many polymers can be obtained under the influence of light, and to biochemistry, because all people exist thanks to photochemistry, since photosynthesis is a photochemical process.

5. Three branches of high energy chemistry

The concept of “high energy chemistry” should in no case be confused with the concept of “high energy physics”. High-energy chemistry includes three large sections: photochemistry, radiation chemistry and plasma chemistry. Despite the fact that the phrase “radiation chemistry” sounds dangerous, radiation chemistry does not directly deal with radioactivity and radionuclides. Chemists simply shine an X-ray beam on something, and because of this, some processes occur, and this does not at all mean that radioactivity appears in the object. The most intuitive branch of high-energy chemistry is photochemistry, where reactions under the influence of light are studied. This section includes the study of photosynthesis and, for example, what can happen under the influence of light in beer (it’s not for nothing that it is stored in dark bottles), or what happens when you break a special fluorescent stick in a nightclub, and it starts glow, or the phenomenon that makes film photography exist.

6. Use of high energy chemistry in industry

Processes related to high energy chemistry are already widely used in industry. This includes the production of polymers using both photoinitiation and radiation-chemical initiation of polymerization reactions, radiation-chemical water purification - one of the most environmentally friendly cleaning methods, disinfection of products, and a huge number of processes that are associated with photosensitivity. All this can easily develop further, and the effectiveness of these processes will most likely only increase.

High energy chemistry [Electronic resource] .- 2017 .- No. 2 .- 84 p. - Access mode: https://site/efd/556147

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Economics - politics - culture Theoretical and mathematical physics Theoretical basis chemical technology* Probability theory and its application Thermophysics high temperatures* Proceedings of the V.A. Mathematical Institute Steklova* Advances in mathematical sciences Advances in modern biology Advances in physiological sciences Physics of the Earth* Physics and technology of semiconductors* Physics and chemistry glass* Physics of metals and metallurgy* Plasma physics* Solid state physics* Physical chemistry of surfaces and protection of materials* Plant physiology* Human physiology* Functional analysis and its application Chemical physics* Chemistry high energies* Chemistry solid fuel* Cytology * Human Ecology * Economics and mathematical methods Electrochemistry* Energy, economics, technology, ecology Ethnographic review Entomological review* Nuclear physics* * Magazine materials are published by the Pleiades Publishing group on English language http://www.naukaran.com The magazine publishes original and review articles, short messages, letters to the editor on molecular and supramolecular photochemistry, photobiology, radiation chemistry, plasma chemistry, chemistry nanoscale systems, chemistry new atoms, processes and materials for optical information systems, on the scientific basis of relevant technologies, as well as chronicles and reviews of books in the field chemistry high energies. magazine is 50 years old CHEMISTRY HIGH ENERGY Volume 51, Number 2 March - April 2017 ISSN 0023-1193 “N A U K A” ISSN 0023-1193 Chemistry high energies, 2017, volume 51, number 2 CONTENTS Volume 51, number 2, 2017 RADIATION CHEMISTRY Peculiarities molecular topological buildings gamma-irradiated powdered copolymer tetrafluoroethylene with perfluorovinylpropyl ether S.R. Allayarov, Yu. A. Olkhov, N. N. Loginova, I. I. Sadikov, M. Yu. Tashmetov Radiation polymerization methacrylates controlled by a chain transfer catalyst V. P. Roshchupkin, M. P. Berezin, D. P. Kiryukhin Hydrogen generation by hydroreactive compositions<...>

Chemistry_of_high_energies_No. 2_2017.pdf

CONTENTS Volume 51, number 2, 2017 RADIATION CHEMISTRY Features of the molecular topological structure of gamma-irradiated powder copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene with perfluorovinylpropyl ether S. R. Allayarov, Yu. A. Olkhov, N. N. Loginova, I. I. Sadikov, M. Yu. Tashmetov Radiation polymerization of methacrylates controlled by a chain transfer catalyst V. P. Roshchupkin, M. P. Berezin, D. P. Kiryukhin Generation of hydrogen by hydroreactive compositions with γ-irradiated aluminum V. K. Milinchuk, E. R. Klinshpont , V. I. Belozerov Radiation synthesis of tetrafluoroethylene telomers in chlorosilanes and their use for modifying aluminoborosilicate glass fabric G. A. Kichigina, P. P. Kushch, D. P. Kiryukhin The influence of gamma irradiation and thermal annealing on the molecular topological structure of tetrafluoroethylene copolymer and perfluoropropyl vinyl ether Yu. A. Olkhov, S. R. Allayarov, R. S. Allayarov, D. A. Dixon PHOTONICS Spectral-luminescent and quantum chemical study of anionic forms of 5-fluorouracil S. S. Ostakhov, M. V. Sultanbaev, M. Yu. Ovchinnikov, R. R. Kayumova, S. L. Khursan Effect of substituents on the spectral, luminescent and spectral-kinetic properties of 2,5-diarylidene derivatives of cyclopentanone G. V. Zakharova, F. S. Zyuzkevich, V N. Gutrov, G. V. Gavrilova, V. N. Nuriev, S. Z. Vatsadze, V. G. Plotnikov, S. P. Gromov, A. K. Chibisov Effect of alkanethiols on the flickering of fluorescence of colloidal quantum dots InP@ ZnS V. Yu. Gak, S. A. Tovstun, M. G. Spirin, S. B. Brichkin, V. F. Razumov PLASMOCHEMISTRY Optimization of the process of plasma treatment of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride N. V. Nikolenko, R. I. Zakharov , A. V. Dubenko, G. V. Moleva, T. N. Avdienko Conversion of hydrocarbon gases in a barrier discharge in the presence of water S. V. Kudryashov, A. Yu. Ryabov, A. N. Ocheredko Experimental study of gasification of tar in the melt metal during cyclic feeding of carbon-containing raw materials and oxidizer into the reactor A. I. Babaritsky, M. B. Bibikov, M. A. Deminsky, S. A. Demkin, S. V. Korobtsev, M. F. Krotov, B. V. Potapkin, R.V. Smirnov, F.N. Chebankov Modification of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene in low-temperature plasma (Review) A.B. Gilman, M.S. Piskarev, A.A. Kuznetsov, A.N. Ozerin 147 142 131 137 121 126 116 109 103 99 94 85

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SONOCHEMISTRY New data on the composition of products of ultrasonic irradiation of graphite in N-methylpyrrolidone Yu. M. Shulga, A. S. Lobach, F. O. Milovich, N. Yu. Shulga, D. A. Kiselev, S. A. Baskakov BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS PHOTOCHEMISTRY Triplet states of complexes of bis-carbocyanine dye and albumin A. A. Kostyukov, T. D. Nekipelova, A. Sh. Radchenko, G. V. Golovina, O. N. Klimovich, A. A. Shtil, Debora C. K. Codognato, Pablo J. Gonçalves, André L. S. Pavanelli, Lucimara P. Ferreira, Andre M. Amado, Yu. E. Borisevich, V. A. Kuzmin 161 157 Submitted for typesetting 11/7/2016 Signed for printing 01/16/2017 Digital printing Conditional oven l. 10.25 Cond. cr.-ott. 0.6 thousand. Circulation 52 copies. Zak.84 Date of publication 03.23.2017 Format 60 Ch 881/8 Academic ed. l. 10.25 Boom. l. 5.1 Free price Founders: Russian Academy of Sciences, Center for Photochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publisher: Russian Academy of Sciences. Publishing house “Nauka”, 117997, Moscow, Profsoyuznaya st., 90 Original layout prepared by MAIK “Nauka/Interperiodika” Printed in the printing house “Nauka”, 121099, Moscow, Shubinsky per., 6