Man modern society is engaged in a variety of activities. In order to describe all types of human activity, it is necessary to list the most important needs for a given person, and the number of needs is very large.
Emergence different types activity is associated with the social and historical development of a person. The fundamental types of activity in which a person is involved in the process of his individual development are communication, play, study, work.
- * communication - the interaction of two or more people in the exchange of information of a cognitive or affective-evaluative nature;
- * play is a type of activity in conditional situations that imitate real ones, in which social experience is assimilated;
- * learning - the process of systematic mastering of knowledge, skills, abilities necessary to perform labor activities;
- * labor is an activity aimed at creating a socially useful product that satisfies the material and spiritual needs of people.
Communication is a type of activity that consists in the exchange of information between people. Depending on the age stage of human development, the specifics of the activity, the nature of communication changes. Each age stage is characterized by a specific type of communication. In infancy, an adult exchanges an emotional state with a child, helps to navigate in the world around him. At an early age, communication between an adult and a child is carried out in connection with object manipulation, the properties of objects are actively mastered, and the child's speech is formed. In the preschool period of childhood, the role-playing game develops the skills of interpersonal communication with peers. The younger student is engaged in educational activities, respectively, and communication is included in this process. In adolescence, in addition to communication, a lot of time is devoted to preparing for professional activity. The specifics of an adult's professional activity leaves an imprint on the nature of communication, demeanor and speech. Communication in professional activity not only organizes, but also enriches it, new connections and relations between people arise in it.
A game is a type of activity that does not result in the production of any material product. She is the leading activity of a preschooler, since through her he accepts the norms of society, learns interpersonal communication with peers. Among the varieties of games can be distinguished individual and group, subject and plot, role-playing and games with rules. Games are of great importance in people's lives: for children they are mainly of a developmental nature, for adults they are a means of communication and recreation.
Teaching is a type of activity, its purpose is to acquire knowledge, skills, and abilities. In the process of historical development, knowledge was accumulated in various fields of science and practice, therefore, in order to master this knowledge, teaching stood out as a special type of activity. Teaching affects the mental development of the individual. It consists of the assimilation of information about the properties of surrounding objects and phenomena (knowledge), the right choice techniques and operations in accordance with the goals and conditions of activity (skill).
Labor is historically one of the first types of human activity. The subject of psychological study is not labor itself as a whole, but its psychological components. Usually labor is characterized as a conscious activity that is aimed at achieving the result and is regulated by the will in accordance with its conscious goal. Labor performs an important formative function in the development of a personality, since it affects the formation of its abilities and character.
The attitude to work is laid in early childhood, knowledge and skills are formed in the process of education, special training, work experience. To work means to show oneself in activity. Labor in a certain area of \u200b\u200bhuman activity is associated with a profession.
Thus, each of the types of activity considered above is the most characteristic for certain age stages of personality development. The current type of activity, as it were, prepares the next one, since it develops the corresponding needs, cognitive capabilities and behavioral features.
Depending on the characteristics of a person's attitude to the world around him, activity is divided into practical and spiritual.
Practical activity is aimed at changing the surrounding world. Since the surrounding world consists of nature and society, it can be production (changing nature) and socially transforming (changing the structure of society).
Spiritual activity is aimed at changing the individual and social consciousness. It is realized in the spheres of art, religion, scientific creativity, in moral actions, organizing a collective life and orienting a person towards solving the problems of the meaning of life, happiness, well-being.
Spiritual activity includes cognitive activity (gaining knowledge about the world), value (determining the norms and principles of life), predictive (building models of the future), etc.
The division of activity into spiritual and material is conditional. In reality, the spiritual and the material cannot be separated from each other. Any activity has a material side, since in one way or another it relates to the outside world, and an ideal side, since it involves goal-setting, planning, choice of means, etc.
In the spheres of public life - economic, social, political and spiritual.
Traditionally, there are four main spheres of public life:
- § social (peoples, nations, classes, gender and age groups, etc.)
- § economic (productive forces, production relations)
- § political (state, parties, social and political movements)
- § spiritual (religion, morality, science, art, education).
It is important to understand that people are simultaneously in different relationships among themselves, with someone connected, isolated from someone when solving their life issues. Therefore, the spheres of social life are not geometric spaces where different people, but the relationship of the same people in connection with different aspects of their lives.
The social sphere is the relationship that arises in the production of immediate human life and man as a social being. The social sphere includes various social communities and relationships between them. A person, occupying a certain position in society, is inscribed in various communities: he can be a man, a worker, a father of a family, a city dweller, etc.
The economic sphere is a set of human relations arising from the creation and movement of material goods. The economic sphere is the area of \u200b\u200bproduction, exchange, distribution, consumption of goods and services. Production relations and productive forces together constitute the economic sphere of the life of society.
The political sphere is the relationship of people associated with power that provides joint security.
The elements of the political sphere can be represented as follows:
- § political organizations and institutions - social groups, revolutionary movements, parliamentarism, parties, citizenship, presidency, etc .;
- § political norms - political, legal and moral norms, customs and traditions;
- § political communications - relations, connections and forms of interaction between participants in the political process, as well as between the political system as a whole and society;
- § political culture and ideology - political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.
The spiritual sphere is the sphere of relations arising in the production, transmission and development of spiritual values \u200b\u200b(knowledge, beliefs, norms of behavior, artistic images, etc.).
If a person's material life is associated with the satisfaction of specific everyday needs (food, clothing, drink, etc.). then the spiritual sphere of a person's life is aimed at meeting the needs for the development of consciousness, worldview, and various spiritual qualities.
The inclusion of society is massive, collective, individual.
In connection with social forms associations of people for the purpose of carrying out activities distinguish collective, mass, individual activities... Collective, mass, individual form activities are conditioned by the essence of the acting subject (person, group of people, social organization etc.). Depending on the social forms of uniting people for the purpose of performing activities, they establish individual (example: management of a region or country), collective (ship management systems, work in a cllective), mass (an example of mass media is the death of Michael Jackson).
Dependence on social norms - moral, immoral, legal, illegal.
Conditionality from the conformity of activities to existing general cultural traditions, social norms differentiate between legal and illegal, as well as moral and immoral activities. Illegal activity is everything that is prohibited by law or constitution. Take, for example, the manufacture and manufacture of weapons, explosives, drug distribution, it all is illegal activities... Naturally, many try to adhere to moral activity, that is, learn conscientiously, be polite, appreciate relatives, help the old and homeless. There is a striking example of moral activity - the whole life of Mother Teresa.
The potential of the new in activity is innovative, inventive, creative, routine.
When a person's activity affects the historical course of events, with social growth, then they distribute progressive or reactionary, but also creative and destructive activities. For example: Progressive role industrial activities Peter 1 or the progressive activity of Peter Arkadievich Stolypin.
Depending on the absence or presence of any goals, the success of the activity and the ways of its accomplishment, they reveal a monotonous, monotonous, routine activity, which in turn proceeds strictly according to certain requirements, and a new one is most often not given (Manufacturing of any product, substance according to the scheme at the plant or factory). But creative activity, inventive, on the contrary, it carries with it the character of the originality of the new, previously unknown. It is distinguished by its specificity, exclusivity, and uniqueness. And the elements of creativity can be applied in any of the activities. An example is dancing, music, painting, there are no rules or instructions, here is the embodiment of fantasy, and its realization.
Types of human cognitive activity
Teaching or cognitive activity refers to the spiritual spheres of human life and society. There are four types of cognitive activity:
- · Everyday - consists in the exchange of experience and those images that people carry in themselves and share with the outside world;
- · Scientific - characterized by the study and use of various laws and patterns. the main objective scientific cognitive activity - to create an ideal system of the material world;
- · Artistic cognitive activity consists in the attempt of creators and artists to assess the surrounding reality and find in it shades of the beautiful and ugly;
- · Religious. Its subject is the person himself. His actions are evaluated in terms of pleasing God. This also includes the norms of morality and the moral aspects of actions. Considering that the whole life of a person consists of actions, spiritual activity plays an important role in their formation.
Types of human spiritual activity
The spiritual life of a person and society corresponds to such activities as religious, scientific and creative. Knowing about the essence of scientific and religious activity, it is worth considering in more detail the types of human creative activity. This includes art or music, literature and architecture, directing and acting. Every person has the makings of creativity, but in order to reveal them, you need to work long and hard.
Types of human labor activity
In the process of labor, a person's worldview and his life principles develop. Labor activity requires planning and discipline from the individual. The types of work activities are both mental and physical. There is a stereotype in society that physical labor is much more difficult than mental labor. Although outwardly the work of the intellect does not appear, in fact, these types of work activities are almost equal. Once again, this fact proves the variety of professions existing today.
Types of professional human activity
In a broad sense, the concept of a profession means a varied form of activity performed for the benefit of society. Simply put, the essence of professional activity boils down to the fact that people work for people and for the benefit of the whole society. There are 5 types of professional activities.
- 1. Human nature. The essence of this activity is in interaction with living beings: plants, animals and microorganisms.
- 2. Man-man. This type includes professions in one way or another related to interaction with people. The activity here is to educate, guide people, and their information, trade and consumer services.
- 3. Human technology. A type of activity characterized by the interaction of a person and technical structures and mechanisms. This includes everything related to automatic and mechanical systems, materials and types of energy.
- 4. Man - sign systems. The activity of this type is to interact with numbers, signs, natural and artificial languages.
- 5. Man is an artistic image. This type includes all creative professionsrelated to music, literature, acting, and visual arts.
Kinds economic activity people
Human economic activity has recently been fiercely contested by conservationists, since it is based on natural reserves that will soon exhaust themselves. The types of human economic activity include the extraction of minerals such as oil, metals, stones and everything that can benefit people and harm not only nature, but the entire planet.
Types of human information activities
Information is an integral part of human interaction with the outside world. The types of information activities include obtaining, using, distributing and storing information. Information activity often becomes a threat to life, since there are always people who do not want third parties to know and disclose any facts. Also, this type of activity can be provocative in nature, and also be a means of manipulating the consciousness of society.
Types of human mental activity
Mental activity affects the state of the individual and the productivity of his life. The most simple form mental activity is a reflex. These are habits and skills established through constant repetition. They are almost imperceptible in comparison with the most complex type of mental activity - creativity. It is distinguished by constant diversity and originality, originality and uniqueness. Therefore, creative people are so often emotionally unstable, and professions related to creativity are considered the most difficult. That is why creative people called talents capable of transforming this world and instilling cultural skills in society.
Culture includes all types of transformative human activity. There are only two types of this activity - creation and destruction. The second, unfortunately, is more common. Many years of transformative human activity in nature have led to troubles and disasters.
Only creation can come to the rescue, which means at least the restoration of natural resources.
Activity distinguishes us from animals. Some of its types benefit the development and formation of the personality, others are destructive. Knowing what qualities are inherent in us, we can avoid the dire consequences of our own activities. This will not only benefit the world around us, but will also allow us to do what we love with a clear conscience and consider ourselves people with a capital letter.
The activities are diverse. It can be playful, educational and, cognitive and transformative, constructive and destructive, industrial and consumer, economic, socio-political and spiritual. Creativity and communication are special activities. Finally, as an activity, one can analyze the language, human psyche and culture of society.
Material and spiritual activities
Usually activities are divided into material and spiritual.
Material activity is aimed at changing the world around. Since the surrounding world consists of nature and society, it can be production (changing nature) and socially transforming (changing the structure of society). An example of material production activities is the production of goods; examples of social transformation - state reforms, revolutionary activities.
Spiritual the activity is aimed at changing the individual and social consciousness. It is realized in the spheres of art, religion, scientific creativity, in moral actions, organizing a collective life and orienting a person towards solving the problems of the meaning of life, happiness, well-being. Spiritual activity includes cognitive activity (gaining knowledge about the world), value (determining the norms and principles of life), predictive (building models of the future), etc.
The division of activity into spiritual and material is conditional. In reality, the spiritual and the material cannot be separated from each other. Any activity has a material side, since in one way or another it relates to the outside world, and an ideal side, since it involves goal-setting, planning, choice of means, etc.
Creativity and communication
Creativity and communication in the system of activities belongs special place.
Creation - this is the emergence of a new in the process of transformative human activity. Signs of creative activity are originality, uniqueness, uniqueness, and its result is inventions, new knowledge, values, works of art.
Speaking of creativity, they usually mean the unity of the creative personality and the creative process.
Creative person represents a person with special abilities. The actual creative abilities include imagination and fantasy, i.e. the ability to create new sensory or mental images. However, often these images are so detached from life that their practical application becomes impossible. Therefore, other, more "mundane" abilities are also important - erudition, a critical mindset, observation, the desire for self-improvement. But even the presence of all these abilities does not guarantee that they will be embodied in activities. This requires will, perseverance, efficiency, activity in defending one's opinion. Creative process includes four stages: preparation, maturation, enlightenment and verification. Actually, the creative act, or insight, is associated with intuition - a sudden transition from ignorance to knowledge, the reasons for which are not realized. Nevertheless, it cannot be assumed that creativity is something that comes without effort, labor and experience. Illumination can only come to one who has thought hard about the problem; a positive result is impossible without a long preparation and maturation process. The results of the creative process require a mandatory critical check, since not all creativity leads to the desired result.
There are various methods of creative problem solving, for example, the use of associations and analogies, the search for similar processes in other areas, the recombination of elements of the already known, an attempt to present someone else's as understandable, and understandable as someone else's, etc.
Since creativity lends itself to development, and creative techniques and elements of the creative process can be studied, any person can become a creator of new knowledge, values, and works of art. All that is needed for this is the desire to create and the willingness to work.
Communication there is a way of being a person in relationship with other people. If ordinary activity is defined as a subject-object process, i.e. the process during which a person (subject) creatively transforms the surrounding world (object), then communication is a specific form of activity that can be defined as a subject-subject connection, where a person (subject) interacts with another person (subject).
Communication is often equated with communication. However, these concepts should be separated. Communication is an activity of a material and spiritual nature. Communication is a purely informational process and is not an activity in the full sense of the word. For example, communication is possible between man and machine or between animals (zocommunication). We can say that communication is a dialogue where each participant is active and independent, and communication is a monologue, a simple transfer of a message from the sender to the recipient.
Figure: 1. Communication structure
In the course of communication (Fig. 1), the addressee (sender) will transfer information (message) to the addressee (recipient). To do this, it is necessary that the interlocutors have information sufficient to understand each other (context), and the information is transmitted by both understandable signs and symbols (code) and that contact is established between them. Thus, communication is a one-way process of transferring a message from addressee to addressee. Communication is a two-way process. Even if the second subject in communication is not a real person, human traits are still attributed to him.
Communication can be considered as one of the aspects of communication, namely its informational component. In addition to communication, communication includes social interaction, and the process of cognition by subjects of each other, and the changes that occur with the subjects in this process.
Communication is closely related to language, which performs a communicative function in society. The purpose of language is not only to ensure human understanding and transfer experience from generation to generation. Language also - social activities on the formation of a picture of the world, the expression of the spirit of the people. German linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835), emphasizing the procedural nature of language, wrote that "language is not a product of activity, but an activity."
Play, communication and work as activities
Under labor understand the expedient human activity to transform nature and society and meet personal and social needs. Labor activity is aimed at a practically useful result - various benefits: material (food, clothing, housing, services), spiritual (scientific ideas and inventions, achievements of art, etc.), as well as the reproduction of the person himself in the totality of social relations.
The labor process manifests itself in the interaction and complex interweaving of three elements: living labor itself (as human activity); means of labor (tools used by humans); objects of labor (material converted in the process of labor). Living labor can be mental (such is the work of a scientist - a philosopher or an economist, etc.) and physical (any muscular work). However, even muscular work is usually intellectually loaded, since everything that a person does, he does consciously.
In the course of work, they improve and change, providing as a result more and more high efficiency labor. As a rule, the evolution of the means of labor is considered in the following sequence: natural-tool stage (for example, a stone as a tool); artifact stage (the appearance of artificial weapons); machine stage; stage of automation and robotics; information stage.
Subject of Labor - a thing to which human labor is directed (material, raw material, semi-finished product). Labor ultimately materializes, is fixed in its object. A person adapts an object to his needs, turning it into something useful.
Labor is considered the leading, original form of human activity. The development of labor contributed to the development of mutual support of members of society, its cohesion, it was in the process of labor that communication and creative abilities developed. In other words, thanks to labor, the person himself was formed.
This is understood as the activity on the formation of knowledge and skills, the development of thinking and consciousness of the individual. Thus, learning acts both as an activity and as a translation of activity. The well-known psychologist Lev Semenovich Vygotsky (1896-1934) noted the activity-oriented nature of education: "The basis of the educational process should be based on the student's personal activity, and all the teacher's art should be reduced only to directing and regulating this activity."
main feature learning activities lies in the fact that its purpose is to change not the surrounding world, but the very subject of activity. Although a person changes both in the process of communication and in work, this change is not the direct goal of these types of activities, but only one of their additional consequences. In training, all means are specifically aimed at changing a person.
Under game understand the form of free self-expression of a person, aimed at reproduction and assimilation social experience... The Dutch cultural theorist Johan Huizinga (1872-1945) singles out freedom, positive emotionality, isolation in time and space, the presence of voluntarily accepted rules as constitutive characteristics of the game. Virtuality can be added to these characteristics ( game world two-dimensional - it is both real and imaginative), as well as the role-playing nature of the game.
In the course of the game, norms, traditions, customs, values \u200b\u200bare assimilated as necessary elements of the spiritual life of society. Unlike labor activity, the purpose of which is outside the process, the goals and means of game communication coincide: people rejoice for the sake of joy, create for the sake of creativity, communicate for the sake of communication. In the early stages of human development, beauty could only be felt during the playtime of the holiday only as beauty, outside the relationship of utility, which gave rise to an artistic attitude towards the world.
It occurs mainly in the course of play, study and work. In the process of growing up, each of these activities consistently acts as a leader. In the game (before school), the child tries on different social roles, at the more adult stages (at school, college, university) he acquires the knowledge, teachings, and skills necessary for adult life. The final stage of personality formation takes place in the process of joint labor activity.
Activity is exclusively human activity that is regulated by consciousness. It is generated by needs, and is aimed at transforming the surrounding world, as well as its knowledge.
A person, using his motives and needs, one way or another transforms the external environment, and this process is creative. At this time, he becomes a subject, and what he masters and transforms becomes an object.
In this article, we will look at the main people, as well as their forms, but before we start this, there are a few points that need to be clarified.
- activities are inextricably linked: the essence of a person is manifested in his activities. Inactive people do not exist in the same way as activity itself without a person.
- Human activity is aimed at transforming the environment. B is able to organize such living conditions himself so that he is comfortable. For example, instead of collecting plants or catching animals daily for food, he grows them.
- Activity is a creative act. Man creates something new: cars, food, even breeds new types of plants.
Basic human and structure
There are three types of human activity: play, work and learning. They are the main ones, and his activities are not limited only to these types.
There are 6 structural components of activity, which are formed in a hierarchical order. First, a need for activity arises, then a motive is formed, which is clothed in a brighter and specific form as a goal. After that, a person is looking for means that can help him achieve what he wants, and, after finding, he begins an action, the final stage of which is the result.
human: labor
There is a separate science that is aimed at studying human working conditions and optimizing his work.
Work refers to activities that are aimed at obtaining practical benefits. Work requires knowledge, skills and abilities. Moderate work has a good effect on the general condition of a person: he thinks faster and is guided in new areas, and also gains experience, thanks to which he is able to further more complex activities.
It is believed that labor is certainly a conscious activity in which a person interacts with the surrounding world. Any work is expedient and requires a focus on results.
Human activities: learning
Teaching has one main goal - the acquisition of knowledge or skills. This type allows a person to start more complex work that requires special training. Teaching is both organized, when a person consciously goes to school, enters a university, where he is taught by professionals, and disorganized, when a person gains knowledge in the form of experience in the process of work. Self-education is a separate category.
Human activities: play
To put it simply, this is relaxation. A person needs him, because the game allows you to relax the nervous system and psychologically distract from serious topics. Games also contribute to development: for example, active games teach dexterity, and intellectual develop thinking. Modern computer games (action) improve concentration and attention.
Forms of human activity
There are many forms of human activity, but they are divided into two main groups: mental and physical labor.
Consists of information processing. The process requires increased attention, good memory and flexible thinking.
Physical labor requires a large expenditure of energy, since muscles are involved in its process, there is a load on the musculoskeletal system, as well as the cardiovascular system.
Thus, we can conclude that activity is a necessary and unique vital parameter that contributes to human development.
This section includes:
Physical and / or chemical treatment materials, substances or components in order to transform them into new products, although this cannot be used as a single universal criterion for determining production (see below "waste processing")
Materials, substances or converted components are raw materials, i.e. products agriculture, forestry, fishing, rocks and minerals and products of other manufacturing industries. Significant periodic changes, upgrades, or transformations of products are considered to be manufacturing.
Manufactured products can be ready for consumption or can be semi-finished for further processing. For example, a purified aluminum product is used as a raw material for the primary production of aluminum products, for example, aluminum wire, which in turn will be used in the required structures; production of machinery and equipment for which these spare parts and accessories are intended. The production of non-specialized components and parts of machinery and equipment, such as engines, pistons, electric motors, valves, gears, bearings, is classified under the appropriate grouping of Section C Manufacturing, regardless of which machinery and equipment may include these items. However, the manufacture of specialized components and accessories by casting / molding or stamping of plastic materials includes Chapter 22.2. The assembly of component parts and parts is also classified as production. This section includes the assembly of complete structures from constituent components, manufactured by yourself or purchased. Waste processing, i.e. Waste recycling for the production of secondary raw materials was included in group 38.3 (recycling activities). While physical and chemical processing can occur, this is not considered part of the manufacturing process. The primary purpose of these activities is the main processing or recycling of waste, which is classified in section E (water supply; sewerage, waste collection and disposal, pollution control activities). However, the production of new finished products (as opposed to products made from recycled materials) applies to the entire production as a whole, even if waste is used in these processes. For example, making silver from scrap film is considered a manufacturing process. Special maintenance and repair of industrial, commercial and similar machinery and equipment in general are listed in Chapter 33 (repair and installation of machinery and equipment). However, the repair of computers and household devices is listed in heading 95 (repair of computers, personal and household items), at the same time, car repair is described in heading 45 (wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles). Installation of machinery and equipment as a highly specialized activity is classified in group 33. 20
NOTE The boundaries of manufacturing with other sections of this classifier may not have a clear, unambiguous specification. Typically, manufacturing involves recycling materials to make new products. These are usually brand new products. However, defining what constitutes a new product can be somewhat subjective.
Recycling means the following types activities involved in production and defined in this classifier:
Processing of fresh fish (removing oysters from shells, filleting fish) not on board a fishing vessel, see 10.20;
Milk pasteurization and bottling, see 10.51;
Leather dressing, see 15.11;
Sawing and planing of wood; wood impregnation, see 16.10
Printing and related activities, see 18.1;
Retreading tires, see 22.11;
Manufacture of ready-to-use concrete mixtures, see 23.63;
Electroplating, metallization and heat treatment of metal, see 25.61
Mechanical equipment for repairs or bulkheads (e.g. motor vehicles), see 29.10
There are also activities included in the processing process, which are reflected in other sections of the classifier, i.e. they are not classified as manufacturing.
They include:
Logging classified in section A (AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, HUNTING, FISHERIES AND FISHERIES);
Modification of agricultural products classified in section A;
Preparation food products for immediate indoor consumption, classified in division 56 (activities of undertakings catering and bars);
Beneficiation of ores and other minerals classified in section B (MINING OF MINERAL RESOURCES);
Construction and assembly work performed on construction sitesclassified in section F (CONSTRUCTION);
The activities of breaking up large batches of goods into small groups and the secondary marketing of smaller batches, including packaging, repackaging or bottling products such as alcoholic beverages or chemicals;
Sorting solid waste;
Mixing paints according to the customer's order;
Metal cutting by customer order;
Explanations for the various goods classified in section G (WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE; REPAIR OF VEHICLES AND MOTORCYCLES)
Classify All human activities it is not possible, however, it is possible to single out the main types of activity inherent in all people. They correspond to general needs and are found in almost all people without exception. There are three genetically replacing each other and coexisting throughout life types of activity:.
Within the framework of the active approach, the authors define the concept of "leading activity" - as an activity in which the emergence and formation of basic psychological new formations occurs at one stage or another of its development and the foundations are laid for the transition to a new leading activity.
Each age has its own leading activity, which basically determines the dynamics of development in a given life period.
When a child is born, he immediately engages in play activities, then, growing up, he is included in educational activities, and as an adult begins.
These types of human activities differ in the end results (product of activity), in the organization, in the characteristics of motivation.
The game is organized freely, unregulated. It is very difficult to regulate the content of the game, the involvement of the child in it, the termination of the game. The child usually moves from one game to another by himself.
Learning and work proceed in the obligatory organizational forms... At a precisely set time, work begins and during it, in accordance with a plan and a given productivity, the products of labor are produced. The same picture is observed in teaching. Classes begin according to the schedule, and throughout the lesson the student is engaged in this particular subject.
Various forms of organization of human activities are associated with their different motivation. The motive for play is the pleasure that the child experiences from the very process of play.
The main motive for learning and work is a sense of duty, a sense of responsibility. These higher feelings are no less a strong stimulus for activity than interest. However, both in learning and in work, one should arouse a person's interest in the very process of activity or in its results.
Various types of activities complement each other, coexist, interpenetrate.
A game. Play is a type of unproductive activity, where the motive lies not as a result of it, but in the process itself. The game accompanies humanity throughout its history. Children start playing from the moment they are born. Games become more difficult with age. For children, games are predominantly educational. In adults, play is not a leading activity, but serves as a means of communication and relaxation.
There are several types of games: individual, group, subject, story, role-playing and rule games.
Individual games are a type of activity when one person is engaged in the game.
Group games - several individuals are involved in the activity.
Object games are associated with the inclusion of any objects in the game activity.
Narrative games are game activities according to a specific scenario.
Role-playing games are human behavior limited to a certain role that a person takes on in the game.
Games with rules - game activity regulated by a certain system of rules of behavior of their participants.
These types of games can be mixed: subject-role-playing, plot-role-playing, plot with rules.
At first, the child's play activity is objective. However, the need to master the system of human relationships and the desire to participate in them lead the growing up child to the use of games with increasing mental content. Children begin to play role-playing and role-playing games, which require from them much more knowledge about the imaginary objects involved in the game, and cause deeper experiences. This is the developing force of this type of games.
With age, games are replaced by more serious occupations and work. However, even here the game does not disappear completely.
Teaching. Learning is an activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, etc. Learning can be both organized in special institutions, and unorganized and carried out spontaneously, in conjunction with other activities.
There are two sides: the activity of the teacher and the activity of the student (teaching). At school, the child not only adopts a set of knowledge, skills and abilities, but, no less important, he learns to live, understand life in all its complexity and take part in it.
The driving force behind learning is the contradiction between what the child knows and what he wants or needs to know. So, for example, in infancy, manipulation of objects and toys allows the child to learn how to use them in accordance with the intended purpose. The child learns most of the actions according to the pattern. In one case, the child sees how adults act and reproduces them himself. In another, adults specifically show the techniques of action and help to master them. Usually, the independent mastery of samples by children is much greater than those that they master on the initiative and with the help of adults. There is a close connection between play and learning, a constant transition of play and learning into each other, the inclusion of elements of one activity in another.
Learning as a world and play are inextricably linked from the very first days of a child's life.
Work. Labor occupies a special place in the human system. Labor is an activity aimed at transforming material and non-material objects and adapting them to meet human needs.
Play and learning are just preparation for work and originated from work, since it is work that is the decisive condition for the formation of a person, her abilities, mental, moral qualities, her consciousness. In labor, those personal qualities of a person develop, which in his process will certainly and constantly manifest themselves. Labor develops physical strength: the ability to endure great physical exertion, muscle strength, endurance, agility, mobility.
By the nature of the spent main efforts labor activity can be divided into several types:
- physical work;
- intellectual work;
- spiritual work.
In theory and in practice, in fact, it is physical labor that is understood to the greatest extent under labor.
Physical labor can be classified as follows:
- self-service work (keeping the dwelling, clothing, workplace in order, preparing food for oneself, etc.);
- household family work;
- productive labor.
Self-service work is mastered earlier than others in childhood and accompanies a person throughout his life.
Household family labor is more prolonged work, more complex in content and requiring more effort. Often, it can only be conditionally separated from self-service labor. The main sign of its allocation is doing work not for yourself or not only for yourself.
Productive labor takes on a mass character, in which handicraft labor (using the simplest machines, tools, equipment) and industrial labor (the highest form of productive labor) are distinguished.
Intellectual work. Mental work (and only it) allows a person to know the world and his place in it.
Spiritual work - this type of work can also include work on self-improvement, on constant self-control, reflection.
Only in work - physical, intellectual and spiritual - does a person become a person.
