The implementation of this strategy, the goals of the reform implies the need for implementation during 2000-2100. a program that includes a set of measures, to which we proceed.
THREE OPTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR THE COMING DECADE
At least three possible scenarios of system development are possible. social protection of the population for the coming decade:
Preservation of modern practice.In reality, this will mean reproduction on an ever-expanding scale of the negative features of the current system, which are manifested in the insufficient amount of social benefits to compensate for earnings / income in connection with the occurrence of insured events, and the untimely provision of them to the population; in constant arrears the state in front of the population; limited accessibility and low quality of social services, combined with inefficient use of financial and material of resources allocated to ensure them. The consequence will be an increase in public distrust of the state, an increase in social conflicts, and an increase in protest behavior of citizens.
Return to the organization of a system of social protection of the population on the principles that existed in the pre-reform period ( directive planning budget financing centralized management ). Obviously, such an approach is unrealistic in the general context of socio-political and economic transformations in the country.
Reforming the system of social protection of the population.This option seems real and practically necessary to restore public confidence in the state ¾ through the creation of legal, organizational, financial, material, technical, informational, personnel and other conditions that ensure the possibility of fulfilling social obligations. This process, taking into account complexity, complexity and cost, will require a sufficiently long time, at least at the first stage, taking unpopular measures to a certain extent. It is real to talk about its implementation, in general, for at least 10 years (2000-2010), very favorable from the standpoint of the upcoming demographic shifts. The reform should be carried out as part of a national program prepared with the broad participation of representatives of all social groups and sectors of society, regions of the country, publicly discussed and supported by the public.
The strategic goal of the reform is to create a social protection system that provides:
¨ increase effectiveness the provision of social benefits (including social benefits and social services) in terms of maintaining of income vulnerable groups of the population, their favorable social adaptation and integration into society;
¨ improving the efficiency of use of resources allocated by the state for the needs of social protection of the population (financial, material, human);
¨ creating incentives for social activity of the population.
A reformed social protection system should ensure:
¨ the minimum sufficiency of social benefits in compensation for damage arising from various social the risks ;
¨ timeliness of the provision and receipt of social benefits;
¨ accessibility of social benefits, conservation legal rights to receive them regardless of the place of residence of people;
¨ non-discrimination, social justice of the provision of social benefits regardless of the recipients belonging to certain demographic, ethnic, social, professional and other groups of the population, as well as from their place of residence.
The created system of social protection of the population should meet the following principles:
¨ legal security and stabilityachieved through the development and adoption of a package of new legislative and other regulatory legal acts, as well as making the necessary changes and additions to the current regulatory legal framework the provision of social benefits;
¨ financial security / sufficiency and sustainabilityto meet the basic basic needs of the population in social security, reimbursement of lost earnings / income achieved through the mandatory participation of all members of society in the financing of social security (the principle of solidarity), expanding the list of subjects of social benefits, changing conditions, principles and sources of financing, ensuring the most complete, appropriate and transparent use of budgetary funds, extrabudgetary social funds and other sources of financing, both for the needs of the population itself and in the interests of developing the country's economy, reliable and profitable investment of relevant financial resources;
¨ manageabilityachieved through a clear delineation of functions, powers, responsibilities and resource support of various entities, the creation of an appropriate material, information and personnel base, as well as the participation of all social partners in the management of the system of social benefits;
¨ scientific validityachieved through the application of experimentally developed norms and standards, social technologies developed taking into account the proven domestic and international experience.
The reform strategy of the system of social protection of the population, developed in relation to these goals and principles, provides for the following stages:
¨ transfer of the system of social benefits mainly to insurance principles, taking into account the size of insurance premiums / length of service of the insured;
¨ transition to internationally recognized:
a) classification of species insurance risks ,
b) the types of benefits;
c) the conditions for their provision and
d) the provision of benefits;
¨ increasing the size of social benefits in order to bring them to the levels stipulated by international law;
¨ reduction in the volume and proportion of direct budget expenditures in the financing of social benefits while increasing the scale of their financing from extrabudgetary sources , including raising funds of citizens themselves through the creation of a financial interest mechanism;
¨ transition from free to predominantly paid provision of social services;
¨ transition from in-kind to predominantly monetary form of granting benefits;
¨ conversion of existing non-insurance benefits into a benefit for poverty ; development of a social services market based on competition enterprises and organizations ¾ manufacturers of various forms of ownership , and creating an appropriate infrastructure (financial, informational, service, etc.);
¨ changes in the conditions and sizes of the provision of individual benefits (maternity benefits on the same conditions and in the same amounts as temporary disability benefits, their alignment with the size of unemployment benefits; replacement of group III disability benefits with poverty benefits, pooling benefits disability groups I and II in a single allowance with the abolition of the mandatory retirement, etc.).
Speaking of reforming the system social protection at Russian Federation, one should proceed not only from the presence in this complex of unresolved legal, financial, organizational and other problems. It is important to take into account the external background, the conditions that will determine the future, on the one hand, need population in social protection (i.e., essentially demand this type of social security), on the other hand ¾ financial, economic, material, technical, informational and human resources that the society will have and part of which can be used for the needs of social protection. The population’s demand for social protection will be determined by the action of at least three groups of factors:
Socio-demographic determining character reproduction population (dynamics of fertility, mortality, migration ) and the resulting changes in the number and age-sex structure of the country's population;
Socio-medical-psychological, environmental and other, ultimately determining the state of health of the population, the level and nature of the incidence;
Industrial, economic and social labor, determining the nature and level of employment, level labor income population, the level of occupational injuries, occupational morbidity, disability.
Using existing statistical information, it can be assumed that due to a decrease in the birth rate, migration growth, as well as an increase in mortality in the future, one can expect:
1. Further reduction in the total population of the Russian Federation. According to the forecast of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, the resident population will decrease from 146.4 million in 1999 to 143.9 million in 2005 and will reach 141.6 million in 2010, changes in the age structure of the population, characterized by :
a) an absolute and relative reduction in the number of children under the age of 15;
b) an absolute and relative increase in the working-age population (men ¾ 16-59 years old, women ¾ 16-54 years old) and older than working age.
Table 48.1
From the perspective of the development of a system of social protection of the population, this will mean, ceteris paribus: a) a decrease in the demand for child benefits in cash and in kind and, at the same time, an increase; b) the need for old age benefits; and c) for unemployment at money and nature. If the principles of the provision and the size of social benefits remain unchanged, this will lead to a relative decrease in the need for financial resources to ensure them. In addition, given the aging of the population, it can be assumed that by the end of the forecast period, the need for benefits related to participation in the Great Patriotic War will practically disappear, which will also reduce the need for appropriate financial resources.
2. Further growth in the number of persons with disabilities. Given the ongoing "disability" of the country (the number of people first recognized as disabled per 1000 population increased from 50% in 1985 to 77.7% in 1997, that is, over 13 years it increased by 27.7 percent points, or 2.1 points per year), the obvious impossibility to fundamentally reverse this trend in the coming decade, we can assume that it will be accompanied by an increase in the demand for social benefits for disability both in cash and in kind (social services) that will require appropriate financial allocations from budgets of all levels.
3. Preservation as a mass of such a terrible social phenomenon as poverty. Even assuming that the proportion of people with incomes is lower cost of living Since it will be reduced annually, by an average of 1% (which, in our opinion, is a very optimistic assumption), by the end of the next decade more than 13% of the entire population will remain poor and their maintenance will require finding funds to pay the appropriate allowance.
4. A certain increase, in the case of economic growth in the country, a positive balance of population migration from the former Soviet republics. As a result, the need for financial resources to pay benefits to internally displaced persons will increase slightly. This need will also be associated with the need to finance the costs of resettlement of part of the excess population from a number of regions of the Far North and equivalent localities, regions of the North Caucasus, zones of radioactive contamination and regions of emergency situations, the probability of which is very high.
5. Maintaining a sufficiently high general level of morbidity among the population, including in connection with occupational diseases and occupational injuries.
Thus, taking into account the foregoing, it can be argued that in the coming decade, the population’s demand for social benefits will decrease somewhat in both absolute and relative terms. At the same time, taking into account the need to increase the standards of social payments, as well as the development of social services, as the expected transition to economic growth and a corresponding increase in income and the general standard of living of the population, the absolute value of the need for financial resources to increase them will increase.
In order to guarantee income security at a level not lower than the subsistence level, it is supposed to introduce a federal allowance.
The source of the payment of the federal allowance should be federal budget .
Additional measures to strengthen the social support system for the poor include:
¨ introduction of partial unemployment benefits;
¨ introduction of unemployment benefits in the case of bankruptcy enterprises;
¨ development of a federal employment program in small towns and villages, especially affected by economic the crisis ;
¨ development of a federal program to support small and medium entrepreneurship ;
¨ the introduction of the Model Regional Program for Social Protection of the Population, which will streamline and thereby make more effective the social support of the most vulnerable groups in the regions.
To attract additional funds for the provision of social support to the poor, it is planned to develop legal acts regulating charitable activities and the status of charitable organizations in the Russian Federation.
It is also planned to prepare a package of legal documents on the development of the system of private pension funds.
The situation of uncertainty and instability caused by the existing stage of the transition period entails the psychological tension of most of society. With a protracted course of this process, an increase in the passive personality position occurs, and unwillingness to independently solve the emerging life problems. In this situation, the formation and development of socio-psychological support of the population are of particular importance. Two main aspects of this support are highlighted:
¨ improving the system of information support for the population;
¨ development of various psychological assistance services.
The system of information support for the population must obey the basic principles: reliability, simplicity and accessibility in obtaining information about the legal, labor and other regulation of society, focus on the formation of motivation for active independent problem solving.
New approaches to financing the social sphere involve solving the following tasks:
¨ consideration of social standards in the formation of budgets of various levels of organizational management structures;
¨ optimization of allocations for the social sphere in the federal budget
¨ finding alternative sources of financing the social sphere, including for the needs of the Federal Stabilization Program living standards population;
¨ streamlining off-budget sources of financing the social sphere in the conditions of market transformations;
¨ providing a sustainable financial base for social sectors infrastructure .
This will enable:
¨ streamline the financing of the social sphere through budgetary allocations;
¨ significantly improve the use of financial resources at the level of the Federation, its constituent entities and local self-government, which are directed to the needs of healthcare, education, science and social benefits;
¨ develop a system of minimum social guarantees and provide them with appropriate funding;
¨ to develop social standards for spending on health, education, culture and social benefits (with their use in budget planning in fixed to gross domestic product ( GDP ) shares;
¨ increase efficiency use of extrabudgetary funds (pension, employment social and medical insurance);
¨ minimize the social costs of the restructuring of certain sectors of the social sphere;
¨ reform the financing system of local authorities.
A number of measures are planned to stabilize the financing of the social sphere. The first and most important condition for stabilizing the financing of the social sphere is a detailed differentiation of the objects of financing with their assignment to budgets of various levels.
The use of the average budgetary per capita expenditure indicator to determine the extent of budget subsidies is unpromising, since it reflects the existing relations between the center and the regions and does not ensure their change.
More promising is the use of the system of state minimum standards for public education, medical care, social welfare.
The measures proposed in the program will make it possible, firstly, to fix the lower boundary needs in the financial resources of the social sphere, secondly, to prevent a further decrease in the volume of financing of health care, education, science, culture and social benefits to the population and, thirdly, to tighten the funding of the social sphere a strict regulatory framework on the basis of which support programs will be implemented of income the poor and large social programs.
State Central Regulation social support of the population is still fragmented, unsystematic. To implement the necessary measures in this area, there is no mechanism for organizational, legal and financial support. This approach has led to an exorbitant load on budget and the practical non-fulfillment of state obligations for social support of the population (including in the field of basic education, health and labor protection, pension provision, social protection of children, the elderly, disabled people), growing dissatisfaction of citizens, social tension in society.
For clarity, the main activities of the reform program of the system of social protection of the population in the Russian Federation for the period 2001-2010. are summarized in the table (see table. 48.2).
Table 48.2
The main activities of the reform program of the social protection system in the Russian Federation
To self-control the knowledge gained, complete training tasks from a set of objects to the current paragraph
CHAPTER 49. BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC EXERCISES
Before reading this chapter, carefully listen to the introduction to the chapter. Then study successively the materials of the paragraphs of the chapter, referring to the objects “Video Materials”, “Glossary”, “Personalities” as necessary. After studying each paragraph, it is recommended that you complete the training exercises.
After studying all the paragraphs, listen to the main conclusions of the chapter. Then test your knowledge in the chapter by completing quizzes and answering the problematic questions below.
The strategy for reforming the social sector proposed by the current Russian government includes proposals for the development of individual sectors of the social sphere complex (education, healthcare, culture, employment, social protection, sports, etc.). The general guidelines here are: ensuring universal accessibility and socially acceptable quality of basic social services, which include, first of all, medical services and secondary education; ensuring the most effective protection of socially vulnerable households; creating economic conditions for the able-bodied population, allowing citizens to provide more from their own incomes high level social consumption.
The social protection reform is based on the following principles:
1) Redistribution of social spending in favor of poor households.
In order to free up the necessary budgetary resources, it is planned to reduce budgetary subsidies to producers of goods and services, as well as benefits and payments provided on a categorical basis. It is necessary to review federal social legislation. Social assistance should be provided mainly in targeted form and only to those households whose actual consumption is below the subsistence level.
To this end, management bodies at the regional and local levels will have to make wider use of the procedures for mandatory verification of the need of recipients of social assistance. It is also envisaged to establish restrictions on the total number of types of social assistance and benefits that can be provided simultaneously to the same family.
2) Redistribution of powers to implement federal social legislation. The social sector reform strategy involves changing the current order of interaction between federal and regional authorities and local self-government in the field of social protection.
In general, it is planned to transfer more authority to determine the size and forms of assistance to the regional and municipal levels. Mechanisms designed to ensure targeted state social assistance may vary regionally depending on the budgetary capabilities of the territories, living standards, employment patterns, and local traditions.
The needs of the regions in financing social assistance should be determined on the basis of an analysis of the poverty level and taken into account when determining the amount of federal transfers. New system will require strengthening the methodological role of the federal bodies of social protection of the population, including the development of methods and standard regulatory documents.
3) Diversification of service. The priority tasks in this area are expanding the capabilities of citizens using free or subsidized services at the choice of service providers, including in the field of healthcare and education, as well as diversification of the forms of services based on the active involvement of the private sector. It provides for equal access to state financing through the mechanism of social order for state and non-state organizations that provide social services.
The main tasks in the field of social support for the population include assistance to households whose actual income or consumption is below the subsistence level; reduction of budget subsidies to producers of goods and services; reduction of socially unjustified benefits; the transfer of in-kind benefits and payments established for certain categories of civil servants, military personnel and law enforcement officials to the form of remuneration and cash allowance; expanding the powers of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local authorities in determining the priorities for the provision of social assistance. The needs of the regions in financing social assistance will be taken into account in the formula of inter-budget equalization. Only the so-called “socially unjustified benefits” are being reduced, part of the assistance will continue to be provided without regard to means. However, this is a definite step in the field of practical implementation strategies.
On July 30, 2014, the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation approved an action plan for 2013 - 2018. In accordance with it, the following goals of the Ministry were indicated: See: The activity plan of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation for 2013 - 2018 (updated). http://www.rosmintrud.ru/2018/Plan_Mintruda_2013-2018_ot_170314_VPRM.pdf
1. Decent work, fair salary;
2. A decent pension for a long conscientious work;
3. Improving the demographic situation. Families with children state support;
4. Social support will approach a person, social support will become targeted;
5. State civil service - open and professional.
Goal 1. Decent work, fair wages
Activities aimed at achieving this goal:
1. Approval of the rules for the development, approval and application of professional standards, recommendations for their development, qualification levels, layout of a professional standard;
2. Approval of a comprehensive action plan for the development of professional standards, their independent professional and public examination and application for 2014-2016;
3. Adoption of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the establishment of a national council of professional qualifications under the President of the Russian Federation
4. Adoption of a federal law on the system of independent certification of qualifications;
5. Development and annual updating of the national classifier (list) of types of professional activity, taking into account their relevance in the labor market;
6. Creation of a base center for vocational training, retraining and advanced training of workers in order to disseminate the best training programs, support regional and corporate training systems for workers, coordinate the activities of centers for the assessment and certification of workers' qualifications;
7. Determination of the accreditation procedure of organizations engaged in activities to improve the professional level of workers;
8. Adoption of the Federal Law on the minimum wage;
9. An increase in wages for social workers in conjunction with the achievement of specific indicators of the quality and quantity of services provided, the complexity and responsibility of the work performed, the performance of institutions;
10. Ensuring transparency of remuneration;
11. Simplification of hiring and obtaining information about free jobs;
12. The basic requirements for the equipment (equipment) of special jobs for the employment of persons with disabilities are established, taking into account impaired functions and restrictions on their livelihoods;
13. Encouragement of employees who have achieved the highest achievements in professional activities, etc.
In 2015, at least 800 professional standards were developed, the share of skilled workers increased, certification boards were created, access to information on: free jobs (vacant positions), working conditions, social guarantees, transport accessibility was provided on the Work in Russia information portal workplace, living conditions, availability of infrastructure and other information aimed at increasing the mobility of citizens, including interactively; citizens who want to find a job, including outside the place of permanent residence, workers who are released and are in part-time regimes. The size of real wages increased one and a half times, the number of jobs increased by 1.3, and the number of jobs for people with disabilities increased threefold.
Goal 2. Decent Pension for Continuous Duty
0 main activities:
1. Ensuring the growth of labor pension;
2. Development of the distribution component of the pension system;
3. Providing a simpler and more understandable pension system for citizens;
4. To provide citizens with the right to choose the option of their pension provision with the ability to independently determine: form their pension rights exclusively in the insurance system or also in the funded leaving pension system;
5. The establishment of a legal mechanism for the implementation of the new pension formula, aimed at increasing the level of pension provision in the distribution component of the pension system;
6. The level of pension provision for agricultural workers has been increased;
7. Development of the funded component of mandatory pension insurance;
8. Creation of a regulatory mechanism and adoption of by-laws aimed at implementation Federal law “On funded pension”;
9. Creation of a mechanism to guarantee the safety of pension savings funds of citizens forming their pension savings through the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation;
10. Extension of the term for citizens to enter the system of co-financing by the state of pension accumulations of citizens in order to increase the level of their pension provision in the future by increasing the size of the funded pension, etc.
In 2014, informational and explanatory work was carried out on the new pension legislation: video and radio materials, printed materials, including in the media, are being issued and distributed, a call center is operating; informing citizens about their pension rights in electronic form, including through the “Insured Person’s Office”, the ratio of old-age labor pensions to the pensioner's living wage has doubled.
Goal 3. Improving the demographic situation. Families with children will receive state support
Activities are necessary to achieve the goal:
1. Protection of citizens from fraud when using maternity capital funds;
2. Decision-making on additional measures to support families at the birth of children from 2017;
3. Families at the birth of the third and subsequent children in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with an unfavorable demographic situation on a monthly basis, until the child reaches the age of three years, must receive a payment in the amount of the subsistence minimum of the child;
4. Citizens not subject to compulsory social insurance in case of temporary disability in connection with motherhood receive state benefits in connection with the birth and upbringing of children;
5. Approval of the Concept of state family policy;
6. Women on maternity leave until they reach the age of three years should be able to undergo vocational training and retraining free of charge;
To date, the incentive system for second and subsequent births has been improved, decisions have been made on additional measures to support families at the time of childbirth since 2017, the number of women undergoing free retraining has tripled.
Goal 4. Approaching social protection to a person, social support will be targeted
Activity:
1. The provision of social services tailored to individual real estate;
2. The creation of a regulatory mechanism and the adoption of legal acts establishing common approaches to organizing the availability of social services;
3. Approval of the approximate list of social services by type of social services;
4. The establishment of the procedure for calculating per capita income for the provision of social services for free;
5. The establishment of per capita standards for financing social services;
6. Establishment of a mechanism of public control in the field of social services;
7. Determining the procedure for obtaining social services in various types of social service institutions;
8. Make information about organizations providing social services for citizens;
9. Granting to citizens the right to choose an organization for receiving social services;
10. The provision of benefits and preferences to non-governmental organizations;
11. Simplification of the procedure for establishing disability;
12. Creating conditions for increasing labor productivity, creating and modernizing high-performance jobs.
To date, almost all directions aimed at achieving this goal have been implemented, in addition, the availability of social, transport, engineering infrastructure for people with disabilities has increased to 45%.
Goal 5. Public civil service - open and professional
Activities necessary to achieve the goal:
Security feedback with society to address social and labor issues on the basis of the standard of openness of the Ministry of Labor of Russia;
Providing expert groups and representatives of professional communities with the opportunity to publicly discuss the implementation of the work plan of the Ministry of Labor of Russia;
Providing citizens with objective information on anti-corruption issues in government bodies and other state organizations;
Provision of participation of representatives of civil society to participate in competitions for the selection and certification of public civil servants;
Getting citizens access to a single database of vacancies for the state civil service on the Internet and choosing employment options for the state civil service;
Creation of a single mechanism for the effective management of the personnel of state bodies;
Pilot testing of a unified information system for managing the personnel of the state civil service;
Presentation of guarantees of an objective and transparent procedure for the selection of candidates for the public civil service;
Inclusion of citizens meeting the qualification requirements for government civil servants;
Conducting mandatory tests and professional adaptation upon admission to the service;
Improving the legal protection of persons;
Respect for openness by civil servants
Providing access to public services on a one-stop basis;
Providing the ability to receive all services in electronic form;
Enabling citizens to influence the quality of public services.
The following has been achieved: citizens participate in the decision-making process, civil servants undergo a mandatory rotation procedure, objective and transparent selection of candidates for civil service has been introduced, all legislative initiatives undergo expert discussion, 80% of citizens trust civil servants, 100% of public services in the social and labor sphere citizens receive through single window principle, 70% - in electronic form.
The higher the IST indicator, the better the adaptation of the cardiovascular system to physical and thermal stresses.
Bibliographic list
1. Nastanova with the organization of gas and gas dismantling! service in the operational areas! service of the civil servant to the Ministry of Taxes and Duties of Ukraine. Order of the Ministry of Taxes and Duties of Ukraine No. 1342 dated December 16, 2011
2. V. D. Perepechaev, V. Yu. Birch. Gas smoke protection fire service. / Textbook. - Chernihiv, 2000.
3. Strcets V. M. Zasobi individualnogo zahist orgashv dikhanna // Nav. FAV - H., APBU, 2001.
4. P. A. Kovalov, V. M. Srshet, O. V. Glizarov, O. G. Bezuglov The fundamentals of the operation and operation of the appliance in a restrained state. - Haryuv, 2005.
Implementation Experience and PR Development Prospects
in the field of social protection of the population (on the example of the activities of the Special Social Protection Service of the Stary Oskol city district)
Chernikova G.V., Kopot T.A.,
branch of the Russian State Social University,
voronezh
With the development of mass information communications, the social protection system is gaining new opportunities to increase the efficiency of its functioning through PR-technologies. We tend to consider the latter as a set of successively applied procedures, techniques and methods of activity aimed at the most optimal and effective implementation of the goals and objectives of the subject of PR-activity. The object of PR-technologies in the field of social protection can be those or other groups of citizens who need social assistance, representatives of the state, commercial and non-profit sectors, as well as individuals who are ready to provide the necessary assistance to people in difficult situations. It seems relevant to study the best practices of implementing PR-technologies as an example of the activities of the Office of Social Protection of Population (SPZN) of the Stary Oskol city district of the Belgorod region.
Starting from 2012, the SPD implemented a number of innovative projects aimed at improving the quality and accessibility of state and municipal social services for the population of the district: “Di @ log" and "Social personal account of a citizen". These projects, in fact, are PR projects, as they rely on appropriate technologies. Normative
the legal basis of their “start” was the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 2009 No. 478 “On a Unified System of Information and Reference Support for Citizens and Organizations on Issues of Interaction with Executive Authorities and Local Self-Government Bodies Using the Information and Telecommunication Network Internet” and the Information Society Development Strategy in the Russian Federation in 2008.
Among the key tasks of the Di @ Log project are the following. Firstly, providing citizens with complete, reliable and timely information; equal opportunities in obtaining and accessibility of services in electronic form; secondly, increasing the efficiency of receiving and processing data for the appointment of measures of social support through the use of modern information technologies.
To implement these tasks, the following activities were planned: the creation of a customer service and multi-functional consulting service; installation of additional information terminals on measures of social support in the buildings of the Office of the Pension Fund and the Employment Center (Stary Oskol); organization of mobile teams implementation of electronic queue and interdepartmental electronic document management. In addition, the Office provided the opportunity to receive services in electronic form. To do this, the “Online consultation” module has been introduced on the Office’s website (www. Sznoskol. Ru), as well as new thematic sections (“To help the disabled”, “Young families”, “Calculators for calculating subsidies for housing and communal services and monthly allowances "”), allowing citizens to quickly receive relevant information, as well as independently calculate and determine their right to this or that type of assistance. To ensure equal opportunities in obtaining and accessing services in electronic form, training was provided for elderly citizens and disabled computer literacy , including Internet training, from 1000 to 1200 people should be trained during the project period.
The creation of multifunctional consulting and client services for the reception of the population will improve the quality of the measures provided for social support and optimize the distribution of workload for specialists while maintaining the same number of staff. Thanks to the multi-functional consulting service, citizens will be able to find out about their rights and possible services without a personal visit to the USZ using the most convenient means of communication for them: e-mail, Skype video receptions and online consultations. It is assumed that such means of information communication will be comfortable, primarily for residents of remote areas, the elderly and people with disabilities.
Reducing the level of social disadvantage of families and people with limited mobility, as well as establishing feedback with the population of remote villages is carried out by the created mobile services. In 2012, 1,524 mobile team visits were carried out.
During the implementation of the Di @ Log project, an increase in the number of electronic requests for the provision of social support measures is expected; an increase in the number of consultations (up to 50,000 per year) received in the multifunctional consulting service; a decrease in the number of citizens' calls to customer service to 80,000 per year (in 2011, 104,000 received such requests from the Department). At the same time, an increase in the amount of information on measures of social support to 2000 units per year is expected, and also in connection with the creation and organization of interdepartmental electronic document management, new forms of accessible services should appear.
The analysis of visits by citizens to the official site of the USZN of the Stary Oskol city district showed that the opening of new personal information functions on it leads to a 2-fold increase in the average daily rate of visitors to the website of the USZN. So, if in 2010 the number of visitors per day was 60 people, in 2011, with the introduction of modules such as “Calculators for calculating subsidies for housing and communal services and monthly child allowance,” the number of visitors per day increased to 120 people, and after creation in April In 2012, the ability to view the history of payment of the EBC for housing and communal services increased the number of visitors per day to 200 people.
As an experiment, from April 2012 on the USZN website, the module “Information on the amount of monetary compensation for the payment of housing and communal services” was posted. In the future, it is planned to provide citizens with information on all social benefits to which he is entitled.
The organization of mobile mobile teams in order to provide emergency assistance to citizens and establish feedback with the population of remote villages will reduce the level of social disadvantage of families and people with limited mobility.
When developing the project were taken into account possible riskssuch as untimely and incomplete financing of planned events and untimely fulfillment by suppliers of the terms of the contract for the development and implementation of an electronic queue for admission.
Along with the launch of the Di @ Log project, the Department of Automation and Information Support of the Department of Social Protection of the Old Oskol City District launched another PR project - the service “Citizen’s Social Account”. The main goal of the latter is to improve the quality and accessibility of citizens to receive state and municipal social services through electronic personal information.
Among the key functions of the “Social Personal Account of Citizen” service are the following: providing personal information about the rights to receive social benefits; on received social payments (payment history); receiving applications for the provision of necessary information in electronic form using feedback.
The algorithm of this service is as follows. A citizen, when personally applying to the USZN, writes a statement on the provision of access to the “social personal account”. When applying for access, a citizen is given his individual password to enter the service. After authorization
in your personal account, a citizen can view the full information about his personal file, the history of all charges and payments and submit an application for the provision of the personal information he needs (for example, a more complete listing of the accrued amounts of the EBC to the housing and communal services), indicating his e-mail to receive an answer on time.
Estimated amount of information displayed to the citizen:
Personal information (name, date of birth, address of registration and residence);
Information on preferential certificates;
Information on accounting features;
The history of all social payments of a citizen;
Filing an application in electronic form.
As a result of the implementation of the project “Social Personal Account of a Citizen” it is expected:
An increase in the number of citizens timely informed in terms of personal registration and the measures of social support provided to them (payment history) up to 5,000 people per year, i.e. approximately 10% of the recipients of all social payments;
An increase in the number of applications for people with limited mobility for social benefits to 700 people a year, that is, about 30% of citizens of this category;
Reducing the number of citizens who applied directly to management specialists by 4000 people per year;
Reducing the time for obtaining information on the measures provided for social support and passing documents by more than 2 times.
The experience of the Office of Social Protection of the Population of the Stary Oskol City District PR projects “Di @ log” and “Social Personal Account of a Citizen” demonstrates their usefulness to all interested parties. In particular, for USZN clients, the implementation of the projects reviewed will, among other things, save time in solving difficult life situations; minimize their participation as applicants in the process of providing social guarantees. For OSS, the successful operation of projects should facilitate the adoption of effective and timely management decisions based on accurate, timely and objective information.
So, modern PR-technologies are only just beginning to be established in the domestic sphere of social protection of the population. Every year, the demand for PR-technologies in this area is growing, since their advantages are obvious in solving the problem of improving the quality and accessibility of state and municipal social services. At the same time, the potential for their use and the degree of effectiveness of application in the social protection sector still leaves much to be desired. Constraining factors in the development of PR-technologies in the field of social protection of the population are, among other things, the insufficient development of institutions and initiatives of civil society; weak interest of Russian business in supporting and financing PR projects
field of activity under consideration; the absence in the Russian Federation of legislation governing the rights, responsibility and quality of professional activities of PR specialists. At the same time, PR - technologies in the system of social protection of the population have development prospects that are caused, among other things, by the demand for this type of technology among non-profit organizations, and above all, social service and social security institutions; ordinary citizens in need of social assistance and support; power structures; as well as the growth of professionalism of PR specialists themselves.
Bibliographic list
1. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 15, 2009 No. 478 “On a unified system of information and reference support for citizens and organizations on issues of interaction with executive authorities and local governments using the information and telecommunications network Internet” [Electronic resource] // Information legal portal "Guarantor". - Access mode: http: // www. garant. com / hotlaw / federal / 198315 / # review.
2. The development strategy of the information society in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the President of the Russian Federation of February 7, 2008 No. Pr-212. "[Electronic resource] // Information and legal portal" Guarantor ". - Access mode: http: // www. garant. com / products / ipo / prime / doc / 92762 /.
3. Project activities of USZN [Electronic resource] // Site "Management of social protection of the population of the administration of the Stary Oskolsky urban district of the Belgorod region." - Access mode: http: // www. sznoskol. ru / index. php? option \u003d com_content & view \u003d article & id \u003d 1374 & Itemid \u003d 21.
4. Social project “Social Personal Account of a Citizen” // Website “Management of Social Protection of the Population of the Administration of the Stary Oskolsky City District of the Belgorod Region”. - Access mode: http: // www. sznoskol. ru / index. php? option \u003d com_content & view \u003d article & id \u003d 1159 /.
Comparative analysis inhibitory component
fire retardant action of xerogel coating and action of impregnating fire retardant for wood
Chernukha A.A., Nosal D.G., Martynovich A.M.
National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine, Kharkov
The tests were carried out on the installation of the type "OTM-2" with constant registration of the temperature of the flue gases (TDG) and the mass of the processed wood sample. The averaged results are presented in the form of graphs in Figures 1 and 2.
Solving the problems of social protection of the Russian population requires a serious analysis of the state of the social sphere, the prevailing forms and methods of social assistance to the population, and the assessment of existing education, health, social protection, employment, migration, and other responsible structures. In the near future, the state will implement solutions to these problems.
The social protection reform is based on the following principles:
- Redistribution of social spending in favor of poor households;
- Redistribution of powers to implement federal social legislation;
- Diversification of service. The main tasks in this area are expanding the capabilities of citizens using free or subsidized services at the choice of service providers, including in the field of health and education, as well as diversification of the forms of services based on the active involvement of the private sector.
In addition, next year, the size of budget allocations aimed at the functioning of regional institutions of social services will almost double.
During discussions in some regions of Russia, it was noted that this year was marked by the adoption of a number of new normative acts of a social orientation. Over the current year, the number of families in socially dangerous situations decreased by 6.5 percent, the number of orphans and children left without parental care increased, 11 “social clinics” were opened. These are just some of the performance indicators.
The allocated funds were used to pay 137 types of social benefits, compensation and the provision of social services for 2.3 million recipients. The categories of recipients of payments and services are diverse - these are senior citizens, people with disabilities, orphans and many others. Almost every second resident of the region is a recipient of social services.
In 2011, social protection programs were adopted in some regions of the country: “Social protection of the population and social support of persons with disabilities in Sverdlovsk region"For 2011-2015," The Older Generation ", whose funding will increase in 2012. Additionally, 85.2 million rubles will be allocated for program activities next year. The action of this program is prolonged until 2015.
One of the main tasks facing bodies of social protection of the population is to increase the efficiency of their activities, including as part of the work of the modernization commission. For this, new directions have been developed that are already being implemented in the current year. So, innovative principles of organizing social services are being introduced, such as the “social taxi” service, the conclusion of social contracts with low-income families, the functioning of a virtual concert hall and many others.
In 2011, work was continued to improve the quality of services for citizens living in stationary institutions for social services for elderly and disabled people. For them, medical, rehabilitation, household equipment, motor vehicles were purchased, buildings were repaired, energy-saving equipment was installed and fire safety was provided, and personnel were trained and retrained.
One of the main tasks in this direction is to reduce the waiting period and eliminate the priority in boarding houses. For this purpose, in neuropsychiatric boarding schools, two-story residential buildings for 200 people were built with a medical unit and an administrative building, and the installation of technological equipment in the food block.
CONCLUSION
In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were solved:
- studied the theoretical foundations of social protection of the population;
- an analysis of the main problems of the social protection system of the population was made and ways to solve them were identified;
- Problems in the field of social protection of the population are considered;
- The prospects of developing a system of social protection of the population are considered.
Social protection in any state is a comprehensive system of socio-economic relations, designed to provide comprehensive assistance to disabled or partially able-bodied people, as well as families whose income from able-bodied members does not provide a socially necessary standard of living for the family.
Having studied the theoretical foundations of social protection of the population, it is necessary to consider in detail the mechanism that provides state social assistance.
Having determined the essence of the mechanism for providing social protection of the population, it can be concluded that federal and territorial budgets are the determining form of financial planning and without budget and financial planning, as the experience of states with developed market relations shows, market development is almost impossible. The conditions of the financial crisis made it necessary to adjust the current social policy, which has a number of problems that need to be analyzed and possible solutions found.
In the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population next year, one of the first bodies of state power will begin to function electronic document management, which will accelerate the paperwork for services, benefits, titles.
All areas of activity carried out by the Ministry of Social Protection at present will continue to be implemented next year. Next year social support will be increased in terms of funding and the range of services provided.
The state plays a crucial role in organizing social protection of the population, organizing pension services and providing benefits, social services, medical and social expertise, rehabilitation of disabled people and prosthetic and orthopedic care, social assistance to families and children, preparing legislation on social protection of the population, provisions on the basics social policy, social standards and recommendations for the development of regional social programs, providing foreign economic and international cooperation, analyzing and predicting the standard of living of various categories of the population, etc. Despite the fact that especially recently the state has taken a series of measures aimed at improving the financial situation of pensioners, families with children, unemployed and disabled people, there are a number of acute unresolved problems in the field of social security. Particular consideration is required by the problem associated with the level of pension provision, the solution of which depends not only on the state of the economy, but also on new concept pension provision.
The solution of these problems is possible provided that targeted programs and laws are developed to support socially vulnerable groups of the population with the involvement of funds from both the municipal budget and additional sources of financing, including charitable foundations, private entrepreneurs and organizations. Programs such as “Social Protection of the Population and Social Support of Persons with Disabilities in the Sverdlovsk Region”, “The Elder Generation” and many others are promising and aimed at improving the system of social protection of the population. In addition, all areas of activity carried out by the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population will continue to be implemented in subsequent years.
Summing up, it is important to note that an effective social policy of the state is one of the primary tasks of overcoming the Russian economy from the crisis.
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Introduction
annotation
Chapter 1. Social protection. General Provisions
1.1 the Concept, functions and principles of social protection of the population
1.2Factors of formation and development, mechanisms of social protection of the population
1.3 the Structure of the bodies of social protection of the population
Chapter 2. Methods of social protection of the population
2.1 Organizational and administrative methods of social protection of the population
2.2 Socio-economic methods of social protection of the population
Chapter 3. Social protection of certain categories of citizens
3.1 Technology of social protection of the elderly
3.2 Technologies of social protection and social services for families
3.3 Technologies for the social protection of military personnel and their families
Chapter 4. Problems and prospects for the development of social protection
4.1 Prospects for the development of social protection
4.2 Problems of development of social protection
Conclusion
Bibliography
application
INTRODUCTION
social protection senior soldier
The transition to market relations marks a new stage in the socio-economic development of Russia. At the same time, being progressive, in fact, it brought to life processes that, even in the Western world, became controlled only after decades.
In the Russian context, this means that the existing experience and existing infrastructure should be used to the maximum, which will serve as the basis for the formation of a new concept of social security.
As a professional activity, social work has accumulated vast empirical material over more than a century of history, the theoretical understanding, generalization and systematization of which opens up new perspectives for practice in terms of increasing its effectiveness and efficiency.
One of the main tasks of social work at present is the further development and improvement of existing forms, methods, methods and techniques of activity used by a specialist to solve social problems of clients, stimulating the activation of their forces to change an unfavorable life situation.
When writing this work, the goal was set: to reveal the essence of the methods and mechanisms of social protection of the population.
Based on the goal, we can distinguish the following tasks:
Give the concept of social protection of the population;
To reveal the functions and principles of social protection of the population;
Consider the factors of formation and development of social protection of the population;
Consider methods of social protection of the population.
Object of study - methods and technologies of social protection.
Subject social studies protection of the population.
The methods used in writing the work are:
General scientific methods;
Private scientific methods (comparative-analytical, etc.).
Course work consists of introduction, four chapters, conclusion and list of references and applications. The first chapter discusses the essence, principles, functions of social protection of the population. The second chapter discusses methods of social protection, the structure of social protection bodies. The third chapter reveals the technologies of social protection of certain groups of the population. The fourth chapter reveals the problems and prospects for the development of social protection in Russia.
ANNOTATION
The functions and principles of social protection, problems and prospects of development of social protection are considered. The models and technologies of social protection of different categories of the population are analyzed.
Keywords: models and technologies of social protection, functions and principles of social protection.
Chapter 1.SOCIAL PROTECTION. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1 Punderstanding, functions and principles of social protection of the population
Social protection of the population - a system of principles, methods, legislatively established by the state of social guarantees, measures and institutions that ensure the provision of optimal living conditions, satisfaction of needs, maintenance of life support and active existence of the individual, various social categories and groups; a set of measures, actions, means of the state and society directed against risk situations in the normal life of citizens, such as illness, unemployment, old age, disability, death of a bread-winner, and others; a set of government measures of a socio-economic and legal nature to ensure the state guaranteed minimum level of material support for socially vulnerable segments of the population during the period of economic transformation (transition to market relations) and the associated reduction in their standard of living.
The purpose of the system of social protection of the population is to, with the help of regulatory, economic, socio-psychological, organizational and technical means and levers, provide support and assistance to groups of the population in need and to individual citizens. The basic principles of social protection: humanity, social justice, targeting, comprehensiveness, ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual.
The need to improve the system of social protection of the population is caused by the transition to market relations in society.
The main goals of social protection of the population are to get rid of absolute poverty (when the average per capita total family income is below the subsistence level), provide material assistance to the population in extreme conditions, and help adapt socially vulnerable groups of the population to the conditions of a market economy.
An integral element of social protection of the population in a crisis of transition to a market economy is social assistance, in cash or in kind, in the form of services or benefits provided taking into account social guarantees established by the state; the totality of social services, medical-social, socio-economic, social, social, psychological, socio-pedagogical and other support of a person from state and non-state structures during his crisis, in difficult life situations. It serves as an aid to poverty for certain groups of the population in extreme conditions; has the nature of periodic and one-time cash surcharges for pensions and benefits, in-kind benefits and services in order to neutralize critical life situations, adverse economic conditions. Social assistance (support) is provided at the expense of local authorities, enterprises (organizations), extrabudgetary and charitable funds in order to provide targeted, differentiated assistance to those in need.
The most important component of social protection of the population is the institution of social work bodies. The purpose of their activity is to pursue a state policy aimed at establishing stable and orderly relations between the various levels of the organizational system, designed to form social relations in society, provide citizens with potential life benefits to meet their needs, and develop economic independence in management. The effectiveness of the social protection of the population is expressed in resolving the problems of economic, socio-political and spiritual development, ensuring the stabilization of society. The objects of management in the system of social protection of the population are institutions and organizations, labor and educational groups of this system, as well as relations between people. Management subjects - bodies directly involved in problems of social assistance to the population (ministry, committees, departments, departments, departments of social protection of the population, labor collectives). The main function of bodies, institutions of social protection of the population is to improve the activities of its various structural elements, regulated by certain norms and controlled by social institutions to ensure the achievement of goals. The main levels of social work bodies: republic (Federation), region, labor collective, non-governmental (charitable) public organizations. An important role in the system of social protection of the population is played by trade unions, administration and various forms of self-government in labor collectives.
The main functions of the social welfare agencies at the federal level are: the organization of pension services and the provision of benefits; social services; medical and social expertise, rehabilitation of disabled people and the provision of prosthetic and orthopedic care; social assistance to family and children; preparation of legislation on social protection of the population; foreign economic and international cooperation, as well as the development of provisions on the basics of social policy, the analysis and forecast of the living standards of various categories of the population, the preparation of recommendations for the development of regional social programs, the development of social standards, etc.
The functions of social protection bodies at the regional (local) level are regulated by higher authorities with a certain independence, including: ensuring and solving production and economic problems, planned and financial and economic activities, creating various social assistance funds, solving economic problems, etc.
Certain functions are performed by various charitable organizations and social assistance funds.
The social protection of the population and the mechanism for its implementation are based on constitutional legal principles and international covenants on the rights and freedoms of citizens.
Social protection of the population includes social security, social insurance and social support (assistance). The need to improve the system of social protection of the population is caused by the transition to market relations in society. The main prerequisites for its development is a change in ownership; changing the system of distribution of material goods and services and the formation of new relations between members of society; the need to solve a number of social problems (unemployment, guarantees of social protection in old age, medical care, etc.), the social stratification of society, as well as ensuring the legislative basis for the protection of human rights and freedoms.
The social protection management bodies and their subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, territorial bodies of social protection of the population form a single state system social protection of the population, providing state support to families, elderly people, veterans and people with disabilities, people discharged from military service, and members of their families, the development of social services, the implementation of state policy in the field of pension provision and labor relations.
1.2 Factors of formation and development, mechanisms of social protection of the population
Currently, the system of social protection of the population is emerging as a social institution, characterized by a set of social norms, principles, institutions and organizations and determining sustainable forms of social behavior and actions of people.
The Institute of Social Protection can be considered as a complex system that is being formed in society to solve numerous, interconnected social problems caused by the need to help socially vulnerable groups and groups of the population. The formation and development of such an institution takes place on the basis of the emerging legislative and regulatory framework, the creative use of historical experience, under the influence of the political, socio-economic, spiritual and moral situation in society, existing ideas about the nature and forms of social assistance to people. Numerous factors influence its development as a mechanism for regulating the totality of socio-economic, political, spiritual and moral relations in society: political, economic, ideological, moral-psychological, factors associated with social work as a professional activity, etc.
Legislative and executive authorities are taking specific measures to counter the many potential and real threats to which Russia's vital interests are faced in:
* overcoming poverty;
* slowing down the decline in living standards of the population, social differentiation of society;
* liquidation of various kinds of emergency situations.
Important is the introduction of economic, market mechanisms in distribution channels and resource support of social protection.
The growth of savings and investment in social protection allows for decent unemployment insurance and pension insurance, material support for disabled citizens, and to strengthen the material and technical base of social services; yield reduction work force and securing it at enterprises with social protection measures is a reflection of the influence of economic factors on the state and development of the social protection system.
Establishing interaction between people, helping them in social functioning is the sphere of interest of the institute of social protection.
Thus, the development of the social protection system of the population is actively influenced by factors related to its deeper impact as a mechanism for regulating the totality of socio-economic, political, spiritual and moral relations in society.
Factors associated with social work as a professional activity. The system of social protection of the population and professional social work are closely related and interdependent. Becoming a professional activity, social work presupposes the existence of the necessary legislative and regulatory framework, developed infrastructure, trained personnel, in a word, all that social protection can provide as a social institution. The social protection system, primarily at the meso- and microlevels, is a kind of “organizational and legal field” for social work, where it fulfills its goals and objectives, and implements its basic functions. In turn, with the help of social work, social protection functions are realized. The arrival of trained specialists in the social work, increasing the level of professionalism in working with clients, and the increased ability to provide interaction in providing assistance and support to people with state organizations and public associations - all this increases the effectiveness of social protection measures.
The state level of social protection ensures guaranteed provision of legally established pensions, services and benefits in accordance with monetary and social standards. At the regional level, taking into account local conditions and opportunities, issues of further increasing the level of security beyond the state level are being addressed. At the discretion of local authorities, it is possible to establish regional standards for security, but not lower than those enshrined in law. A provision has been adopted on the territorial social service, which is intended to provide urgent measures aimed at temporarily supporting the life of elderly and old citizens who need social protection.
Feature of the social policy of states in modern conditions consists in shifting the center of gravity in the implementation of social protection of elderly and old people directly to the place. Social protection for the next crisis period is a set of additional measures to provide material assistance to old people, carried out at the expense of federal and local budgets, as well as specially created social support funds for the population, in addition to the funds allocated by these funds, and in addition to social guarantees traditionally implemented by the system social security.
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in public and charitable organizations, an increase in their participation in the implementation of measures for the social protection of the population.
Among the mechanisms of social protection of the population, the following can be distinguished: legal, organizational and administrative, financial, material and personnel.
1.3 The structure of the bodies of social protection of the population
The social protection system of each country has its own characteristics in connection with specific socio-economic conditions. The right to social security is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and is a complex of interrelated organizational and legislative measures.
Basically, in the Russian Federation, social protection of disabled and low-income groups of the population is carried out in two main areas - social security and social assistance.
Social security in Russia includes the following types:
Pensions (old age, disability, survivor, social services):
Benefits (temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth, mothers with many children and single mothers, for children in low-income families and military servicemen, disabled children, etc.);
vocational training and employment of persons with disabilities:
Orthopedic and orthopedic care
medical and labor examination and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities
Benefits and benefits for people with disabilities.
And although common features are common to the entire social security system, at the same time, each species has its own characteristics.
Efficiency social system largely depends on the soundness of the financial mechanism. Social insurance payments are made from insurance funds, which concentrate the funds collected in the form of taxes. And government investments are made from allocations from budgetary funds (republican and local budgets). As a result, social security funds are concentrated primarily in the public service and in the social insurance fund.
The existing system of social services includes state (see Appendix), municipal and non-state service. All social services are oriented, first of all, to providing people in need with various types of social services.
Depending on the orientation of social services, the functions they perform are distinguished, which were grouped as follows:
a) the actual function of social assistance, which includes both recording, identifying people to us and preventing poverty and home-based services for those in need, etc .;
b) the function of counseling including consultations of specialists on various issues related to social aspects;
c) the function of informing the population, studying and forecasting social needs;
d) the participation function, which provides for the development of emergency programs and assistance in overcoming the consequences of natural disasters and social conflicts.
The importance of the following four principles should be noted:
The principle of priority of state principles in organizing social services and guaranteeing the rights of citizens to receive social services:
The principle of reliance on public participation:
The principle of territoriality:
The principle of awareness: meaning the right to collect information and information necessary for social services to perform their functions.
It is also necessary to note the role of the social service management system for the successful functioning of the social security system. Currently, the management of the social service is carried out by the social protection bodies of the population together with the health, public education, culture, physical education and sports authorities, law enforcement agencies, state youth and employment services and other government bodies, as well as with public, religious, charitable organizations and funds. In the future, the local administration, consisting of deputies, representatives of interested organizations, financial and sponsorship circles, can provide great assistance in coordinating social services.
Chapter 2SOCIAL PROTECTION METHODS
2.1 Organizational and administrative methods of social protection of the population
Administrative (organizational) methods are of great importance in management practice. The management system uses a fairly large number of administrative methods that can be classified according to several criteria.
If we consider as a criterion the function that the methods of administrative influence in real management perform, then we can distinguish three large groups: regulatory, administrative and disciplinary methods.
Regulatory methods are a tough type of impact. With their help, this or that organization system is created, the tasks, rights and responsibilities of management structures are defined, certain rules, specific requirements for action, and the framework for the behavior of managers and subordinates are established.
Organizational methods. They are applied when it is necessary to create one or another social system, when designing the organizational structure of an enterprise, institution.
Disciplinary methods. In social work, when it is necessary to solve numerous problems, a real impact on people is unthinkable without the appropriate order and rules of discipline. This refers not only to the observance of labor discipline, but also the establishment of personal and professional responsibility to customers, teams, groups. The right combination of different types of responsibility increases the efficiency and effectiveness of organizational management methods.
Methods are also classified by management functions. The concept of “function” in social practice is associated with activities, responsibilities, the work of social services and institutions.
One of the most important functions of social management is planning. Planning involves: determining the goals of the activity, choosing the means of achieving the goal, determining the form of organization of life and social assistance, creating a program to achieve the goal, taking into account the results of the work, adjusting the programs adopted, scientifically based anticipation of the results of the program, setting new tasks and goals that appear after program implementation.
Forecasting - scientific prediction of the future, determination of the final state of the client for the future, its transitional states.
Modeling is an ideal development of various situations and conditions of the development of an object during the entire planned period.
Programming - identifying the stages of a sequential transition to a new state. This includes the development of the algorithm for the functioning of the system itself, the determination of the necessary resources, the choice of means and methods of activity of social institutions, services and specialists.
The main task of social work as a management process in the system of social protection of the population is to help develop the creative, life potential embodied in each individual, through authority and administrative methods, to protect socially disadvantaged groups from the negative effects of spontaneous market relations, the negative consequences of socio-economic reforms in society.
2.2 Socio-economic methods of social protection of the population
The transition to a socially oriented market economy requires the creation of an integrated, diverse and effective system of social protection, including economic and legal guarantees to ensure the basic rights of citizens - legislatively fixed state forms and levels of meeting the needs of different population groups.
Methods of social protection should be based on social standards, which are scientifically based indicators of the level of consumption of various goods and services, the amount of cash income and other living conditions of the population. The most important among social standards is the minimum consumer budget. It is a system of social standards that express the prevailing notions in society about the minimum socially necessary level of consumption that ensures the satisfaction of the most urgent needs. Its total volume corresponds to the level of nominal income, which makes it possible to satisfy nutritional requirements at the level of minimum physiological consumption standards, covering energy costs and the body's need for basic nutrients necessary for adult life, for the growth and development of children. Revenues should also be sufficient to ensure minimum requirements for the necessary items of clothing, footwear, household items and household goods, basic types of services.
The system of social protection of the population currently being created is largely based on the experience of the most developed foreign countries with market economy. However, while in Russia its basic elements are created one-time, on a legislative basis and mainly on a state economic base, in most other countries the social protection system was the result of a fairly long development and has many forms and economic sources. At the same time, social support systems also have common characteristics that are determined by the main features of a socialized economy, which allows you to creatively borrow the experience of other countries.
The minimum consumer budget is the normative basis of the social protection system. What specific features is this related to?
1) First of all, the volume of the minimum consumer budget is the border that outlines the level of poverty. All persons whose income level is lower than it should automatically be objects of social protection and have the right to public assistance, as they fall into the category of poverty.
The poverty line is the minimum level of real income that allows citizens of a given country at a given time period at a given price level to cover the costs of satisfying the most basic material needs, i.e. provide a living wage. Living wage - the minimum set of food products, industrial goods and services necessary to ensure the basic physiological needs of a person.
Currently, social sciences have developed two technologies for determining poverty.
a) Absolute approach. Based on an understanding of poverty as an absolute category. The poverty level is determined on the basis of the subsistence level. With this approach, poverty lines are determined expertly by examining the level of satisfaction of the social needs of families of different types and incomes.
b) The relative approach. Poverty is seen as a relative category. Poor families are those whose incomes significantly lag behind the standard of well-being adopted in a given society and do not allow them to lead the lifestyle most common in society.
In this case, the indicator “average per capita family income” can be taken as a basis. The poor will be classified as such a layer of people who have an income of half the average per capita income in a given country for a given period. The poor will include people whose income is half the income of the poor, or only a quarter of the average per capita income in the camp.
In practice, the “administrative” definition of the poor is widespread. In this case, the cost of living practically does not play the role of a guideline in social policy, and the status of “poor” is given to certain categories of the population with the greatest risk of impoverishment (large families, single mothers, pensioners).
However, it should be noted that today it is extremely difficult to measure poverty. There is no clear information about housing conditions, the availability of durable goods, the specific gravity of the second job, real incomes, etc. are unknown.
The problem of the poor is one of the most difficult for any government. On the one hand, the degree of civilization of a country is directly determined by how tolerable conditions of existence it can provide for its poor. On the other hand, excessive concern for the poor weakens the incentives to work for the most gifted, able-bodied and hardworking citizens and threatens to reduce the overall level of economic development of the country. This is a real contradiction of the economy.
Support for disabled citizens, for example, disabled children, large families and single-parent families - all who, for objective reasons, simply are not able to earn at least a living wage, is provided through tax and other revenues to the state budget.
In this case, the state acts as a redistributor of income between different groups of citizens (such redistributions are usually called transfer payments - from the English word “transfer” means transfer, transfer).
2) The second most important function of the minimum budget is the function of the normative basis of social protection. The size of the legislatively established minimum wage depends on the minimum budget, and on it, in turn, the size of all pensions, benefits, scholarships and other payments established as a percentage of the size of the minimum wage.
The poverty level can provide only the most necessary needs - for food and some services. Typically, the amount of social benefits is 20-30% of the average salary.
Minimum consumer budget standards are also the basis for establishing and revising consumption standards in institutions of the sphere of socio-cultural services that operate on a free basis: hospitals, kindergartens and social protection institutions.
3) And finally, the third function. “Consumer basket” - a set of items included in the minimum consumer budget — serves as the basis for registering the price index for goods and services, which, in turn, is an essential element in the formation of a system of social support for the population.
Indexation should be consistent with current price increases. To register it, a price monitoring service is created. For this purpose, about a thousand representative products and about a hundred services are selected.
Indexation is a mechanism for adjusting the population’s cash incomes taking into account the consumer price level index. The indexation mechanism consists of an index, by the value of which incomes are adjusted, from the types of incomes that are subject to indexation, and the frequency of their regulation.
The main directions of the state social policy in the field of income from 1993 to the present has become the regulation of the minimum income level of various categories of the population (wages, pensions, benefits). The main instrument of such regulation is the “living wage” indicator, which is the minimum acceptable norm for one person to consume 19 essential food products.
When indexing, the following manipulations are usually allowed:
* “The basket” includes, as a rule, the cheapest and low-quality goods with different possibilities of price increases;
* consumption is determined by the physiological minimum
* and it is often even significantly lower than this minimum;
* income indexation is carried out with a significant delay and lag behind the actual price increase, opening up the possibility of additionally "pocket" the income of the population.
Thus, the experience of social protection measures shows that they can be an effective tool to maintain living standards, however, the main elements of the new system that are currently being introduced are not absolute, and some of them, for example, income indexation, are applied in the context of economic reform in extremely limited and ineffective forms.
Currently, a system of targeted social assistance is being implemented for low-income groups of the population. The main differences between the targeted social protection programs and those adopted earlier are: the exclusion of massive “egalitarian” benefits for large groups of the population with different income levels; assistance planning (targeted material, in kind, etc.) only to socially vulnerable groups of the population with a per capita income level below the cost of the grocery basket of the minimum consumer budget. Methods of influencing social and economic needs and interests are used in the form of in-kind and cash assistance, establishment of benefits and payment of lump-sum allowances and compensations, patronage and public services, moral incentives and sanctions, etc.
Chapter 3SOCIAL PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUAL CATEGORIES OF CITIZENS
3.1 Social Security Technology seniors of people
One of the trends observed in recent decades in developed countries world - the growth in the absolute number and relative share of the elderly population. A steady, rather quick process of decreasing the share of children and youth in the total population and increasing the proportion of the elderly is taking place. Today, every fifth resident of Russia is an old-age pensioner. In almost all families, at least one of the family members is an elderly person. The problems of third-generation people can be considered universal. Older people need increased attention of society and the state, and are a specific object of social work.
The goal of state social policy in relation to older citizens is a sustainable increase in the level and quality of life of older people based on social solidarity and justice, maintaining a balance of interests of all socio-demographic groups of the population and the rational use of financial and other resources.
Social protection is implemented through prevention and rehabilitation, aimed at preserving the welfare of the old person by reducing risk factors; through support, which is the help needed by old people to maintain the highest possible level of independence; and through representation, i.e. protecting the interests of old people recognized as incompetent on their behalf to provide the necessary assistance. Social protection at a strategic level is the direction of state social policy in relation to older people. Its peculiarity at the present stage is the transfer of the center of gravity directly to the place (targeting, “district principle”). It can be both social protection and social services institutions, and the family of an elderly person.
Social protection and social services are implemented at the state, municipal levels and in the sector of non-state social services.
In order to ensure a decent life for elderly citizens in the social protection system, social service centers have been very well established that help lonely elderly and disabled people to adapt in difficult life situations.
In the last decade, inpatient facilities for the elderly began to be actively updated: boarding houses and gerontological centers. A system of hospitals for retirement day care has appeared. Multi-storey residential buildings are being built, in which only elderly and old people move in. Clubs of social assistance for the elderly have become more active. Fear of loneliness, the loss of many production and friendly contacts lead to the fact that many pensioners take part in organizations based on age community with the goal of regulating both within and outside this socio-demographic group.
3.2 Technologies of social protection and social services for families
In relation to families of various categories of clients: disabled people, pensioners, military personnel, refugees, etc. - various technologies of social work are used. The types and forms of social assistance, the purpose of which is to preserve the family as a social institution as a whole and each specific family that needs support, can be divided into emergency ones, i.e. aimed at the survival of the family (emergency assistance, urgent social assistance, immediate removal from the family of children who are in danger or left without parental care), aimed at maintaining the stability of the family, at the social development of the family and its members.
Social work aimed at stabilizing family ties includes the normalization of relations between spouses, between parents and children, and the relationships of all these family members with others.
Sometimes parents do not allow the child to attend school, and children attending school almost do not participate in school affairs, they have few or no friends, they are lagging behind in development, poorly studying. The child does not trust adults, he can try to run away from home, commit suicide. In addition, traces of beatings, abrasions or burns on the skin, hemorrhages in the whites of the eyes, traces of blood or sperm on clothing may indicate child abuse in the family.
The technologies used in cases of family cruelty also include the organization of social shelters (hotels, shelters), which enable women and children (there are shelters abroad for men who are abused in the family) to wait out the crisis of the family situation in a safe place. However, as a rule, limiting oneself to this type of assistance is unproductive, because unresolved family conflicts are periodically exacerbated. Therefore, it is necessary to resort to medium-term assistance programs aimed at stabilizing the family, restoring its functional ties, normalizing relations between spouses, between parents and children, and the relationships of all these family members with others.
So, work with “difficult” children and adolescents provides for the diagnosis of the family and school situation, the identification of the child’s primary social network, the mandatory analysis of his medical, social and intellectual-psychological status. Based on the data obtained, a program is developed to work with the child’s family, resolve his school problems, and engage him in a more favorable social network. Such a program is carried out by a team of specialists, including a social worker, social educator, psychologist, sometimes a lawyer, with the possible involvement of law enforcement agencies, cultural and sports centers. In the course of such work, social and psychological counseling of the family is simultaneously carried out in order to eliminate mutual misunderstanding, unproductive types of family interaction, conflict in relationships; social and legal counseling, which allows the family to realize and learn to assert their rights in relations with the social environment, primarily with the educational system; pedagogical counseling, as well as pedagogical assistance, which helps to overcome the school difficulties of the child (children). Psychocorrectional measures, changes in the self-esteem of adults and children, the elimination of negative stereotypes and the development of a friendly and respectful attitude to each other are also of great importance. Often, such an activity also contains social components proper - for example, assistance in finding a job for parents and improving living conditions (which, of course, for all its importance, depends primarily on the socio-economic situation in the country and in a particular locality).
3.3 Technologies for the social protection of military personnel and their families
Social work with families of military personnel varies depending on the nature and depth of their social problems, which is largely determined by membership in the draft or contract contingent, a certain composition of military personnel, and the duration of their stay in military service. So, of course, the material difficulties and social constraints experienced by military soldiers and their families (low monetary allowances, life in the barracks, away from the family) may not be typical for soldiers with specialties (musicians, athletes) who sometimes live in the family and receive a certain remuneration for their labor during the period of military service.
The goals of social work in its most general form are to restore the physical and mental strengths of military personnel, adjust their personal attitudes, and teach them to tolerate forced communication with others; introduce elements of social justice into subordinate relations characteristic of military service.
Social work with military personnel is carried out by the whale directly in the conditions of the Armed Forces, and in society as a whole. It would be wrong to think that in the army it is the duty of only deputy commanders for working with personnel. Of course, it is they who are primarily obliged to deal with the social protection of military personnel, as well as military psychologists, lawyers, specialists of military medical institutions. However, combatant commanders and leaders of any rank should also ensure, within the limits of their competence, the social protection of subordinate servicemen and their families. One of the most important tasks is the observance of all the rights and privileges that are assigned to servicemen in accordance with the current legislation, the provision of such social and living conditions that do not destroy the health and performance of people in military service.
An important role is played by the elimination of even the most rude manifestations of informal relations in the Armed Forces within the framework of the "grandfather" and "fellow" status systems.
Social work with parents of retirement age of military servicemen is similar to social work with other elderly clients. Of course, during armed conflicts, members of the military family especially need information about the life and health of their relatives, but only the Russian Ministry of Defense and other ministries and departments whose employees are in the combat zone and not social service institutions are able to organize such work.
The main social problems of contract servicemen belonging to different compositions (officer, warrant officer, foreman or soldier) may be similar: problems with the education and upbringing of children; health problems of the soldier himself and his family members; housing problems; problems with the work and social status of the wife of a serviceman. Tension in the family of a soldier can be caused not only by general family problems, but also by a number of specific factors: uncertainty about the future, fatigue from material deprivation and frequent moving to undeveloped places, difficult and intense service; wife’s dissatisfaction with her husband’s insufficient participation in family life and raising children, unfulfilled opportunities; anxiety for the fate of children, etc.
This condition may be aggravated by the feeling of being forced to stay in military service, the inability to change one’s life, and the uncertainty of one’s future, since dismissal from military service entails the loss of the right to some benefits (it’s no secret that for a significant part of contract servicemen, military service is - this is the only or most suitable opportunity to get housing for the family).
Soldiers subject to early dismissal from military service, as well as recently dismissed ones, are experiencing a social and psychological crisis, the depth of which depends on the length of their stay in military service, age, character traits, forced or voluntary dismissal from military service, and the degree of resolution of their social problems.
The unpredictability of relations characteristic of civilians contradicts the clarity and certainty of military service; directive skills with people do not always turn out to be applicable in civilian settings. The tasks of social work with military personnel serving under the contract are social and legal advice on all issues related to their rights and opportunities before and after dismissal, the rights of their families, protecting their interests before the command of the unit, higher authorities, and local authorities . In case of violation of such rights, the officer carrying out social work sends information about this in the order of subordination and helps to restore rights. His responsibilities include explaining to the military personnel and members of their families the regulatory framework for resolving conflict situations, providing assistance in handling instances competent to resolve the conflict.
An important role is played by social and pedagogical assistance to children of military personnel. The system of children's military sports camps, clubs and circles has considerable educational potential, helping to revive the adolescents' idea of \u200b\u200bthe high social status of military service, respect for the work of parents.
One of the important functions of social work is the development of social communications, the elimination of interpersonal tensions, conflicts, the rallying of military collectives (especially in closed military towns, garrisons, long divorced from family, society). To this end, conflictological procedures, mediation technologies, group therapy methods in the form of conversations, games, etc., communication training and communication skills training, identification of psychological compatibility or incompatibility of individuals for the acquisition of the most viable or stable teams are used.
Technologies of psychological training, psychotherapy and psychocorrection are most common in working with large groups of people, which, of course, include military personnel. Stimulation of positive psychological reactions and suppression or smoothing of negative reactions are necessary in conditions of constant and forced communication with other people. It is necessary to teach people to mitigate the negative traits of their character, to practice attractive (attractive) communication, which neutralizes possible aggression from others, and to solve problems at the pre-conflict stage. With the help of auto-training, military personnel can learn to manage their emotions, and recover after heavy loads. Such work is also possible in the form of group therapy, i.e. in the form of creating self-help groups and mutual support.
The organizers of social work can perform the functions of consultants and managers, intermediaries in contacts of associations and unions of servicemen’s wives with the social protection authorities medical facilities, other bodies and institutions.
To mitigate tensions in the families of military personnel, to prevent conflicts or crisis situations, the development of a special system of family counseling and family therapy is of great importance. In cases of living away from large cities, the availability of such a service will be the only opportunity for military families to receive professional assistance in stabilizing the family.
Chapter 4PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL PROTECTION
4.1 Prospects for the development of social protection
The strategy for reforming the social sector proposed by the current Russian government includes proposals for the development of individual sectors of the social sphere complex (education, healthcare, culture, employment, social protection, sports, etc.). The general guidelines here are: ensuring universal accessibility and socially acceptable quality of basic social services, which include, first of all, medical services and secondary education; ensuring the most effective protection of socially vulnerable households; creating economic conditions for the able-bodied population, allowing citizens to ensure a higher level of social consumption at the expense of their own incomes.
The social protection reform is based on the following principles:
1) Redistribution of social spending in favor of poor households. In order to free up the necessary budgetary resources, it is planned to reduce budgetary subsidies to producers of goods and services, as well as benefits and payments provided on a categorical basis. It is necessary to revise federal social legislation. Social assistance should be provided mainly in targeted form and only to those households whose actual consumption is below the subsistence level.
A shift to targeted aid delivery can significantly improve the situation of low-income families. Nevertheless, for a limited number of recipients, such as veterans of the Great Patriotic War, liquidators of the Chernobyl accident, Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia, categorical benefits are preserved regardless of their financial situation. These benefits are supposed to be converted into cash payments and made from the federal budget. The benefits established for various categories of civil servants, law enforcement officials and military personnel should also be transferred to the form of cash payments and included in labor remuneration.
2) Redistribution of powers to implement federal social legislation. The social sector reform strategy involves changing the current order of interaction between federal and regional authorities and local self-government in the field of social protection. In general, it is planned to transfer more authority to determine the size and forms of assistance to the regional and municipal levels. Mechanisms designed to ensure targeted state social assistance may vary regionally depending on the budgetary capabilities of the territories, living standards, employment patterns, and local traditions.
The needs of the regions in financing social assistance should be determined on the basis of an analysis of the poverty level and taken into account when determining the amount of federal transfers. The new system will require strengthening the methodological role of the federal bodies of social protection of the population, including the development of methods and standard regulatory documents.
3) Diversification of service. The priority tasks in this area are expanding the capabilities of citizens using free or subsidized services at the choice of service providers, including in the field of healthcare and education, as well as diversification of the forms of services based on the active involvement of the private sector. It provides for equal access to state financing through the mechanism of social order for state and non-state organizations that provide social services.
Some of these proposals are included in the "Action Plan of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of social policy and modernization of the economy for 2000-2001." The main tasks in the field of social support for the population include assistance to households whose actual income or consumption is below the subsistence level; reduction of budget subsidies to producers of goods and services; reduction of socially unjustified benefits; the transfer of in-kind benefits and payments established for certain categories of civil servants, military personnel and law enforcement officials to the form of remuneration and cash allowance; expanding the powers of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local authorities in determining the priorities for the provision of social assistance. The needs of the regions in financing social assistance will be taken into account in the formula of inter-budget equalization.
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