When in Soviet villages and villages, by the 30s, collectivization and the way of life of the blades and cattle breeders were generally generalized, the state's assessment of their work with the special support of the Council of State, the state made a workman. This single measure of labor accounting and the distribution of the income of the collective farmers existed until the mid-60s. Ideally, the workman was supposed to become a share of the income of a collective farm, which was distributed depending on the degree of labor participation of a particular employee.
The system of workforce, in the entire history of its existence, repeatedly reformed, nevertheless, remained a rather confusing scheme of material promotion of collective farmers. It most often did not depend on the efficiency of production, but at the same time allowed the differentially distributed income from the grown crop (or to slaughter the cattle) - commensurate the contribution of a certain employee. For non-participation, the norms of work in the USSR, criminal liability was provided - the stratum was sentenced to regrab structures in his own collective farm with the hold of a quarter.
Remuneration for labor was mainly a nutritional (mainly grain). In the military proud (1941 - 1945), less sheltered grain was issued on the workday. In winter, 1946 - 1947 in the USSR, a massive hunger happened in connection with the crown.
The collective farmers from the very beginning of the action of such a payment system protested massively - cutting cattle, left the villages in the city. In 1932, a special passport regime was introduced in the USSR, as a result of which residents of villages and villages actually received the status of serfs, which, without the permission of Barin (Chairman of the collective farm or village council), was prohibited from leaving the settlement. For the children of peasants in a similar case, after graduation, there was most often one way - to go to work in the collective farm. In films about collective farm life, which are a classic of Soviet cinema, often meet scenes in which the Chairman decides, to release graduates of the rural school to learn further to the city or not. Guys who served in the army, knowing what fate is waiting for them at home in the village, by any ways they sought to gain peace in the cities.
If the serf peasant in Russia before the revolution had the opportunity to receive income from his land, and sell surplus, the Soviet collective farmer was deprived of this and this - the state imposed exorbitant taxes in the village or in the village of the village, Selyanin was forced to pay hardly for each apple tree in Garden.
Pensions, old men in Soviet collective farms or did not pay at all, or they were meager.
So, friends, today there will be a post on an interesting and important topic about how in worked for work. I think you have repeatedly heard that in Soviet collective farms did not pay a salary, and instead put sticks in office books, which later may be There will be exchanged for products or other products of the collective farm. The fans of the USSR love to say that this is all lies that all this was not at all, and if it was - it was only for the benefit, and in general the great visible.
In fact, the system of working was the actual legalization of slave labor in the USSR, and its direct consequence was the abolition of passports from collective farmers (because those ran into the city, and somehow it was necessary to hold them on the village) - which, of course, closer to Soviet System to real serfdom.
Where it started.
In 1917, the Bolsheviks came to power under the leadership, large demagogues and populists came to power under the leadership. First, they were adopted somewhat seemingly reasonable laws ("Decree on Earth", "Decree of the World"), later I was declared NEP - but in parallel it began to figure out that free and working people on the Bolsheviks, in general, do not care, And on the free and fair elections, the demagogues of the Bolsheviks will never win.
In about the same years, it became clear that the "People's Soviet Power" is actually no folk and even in some sense not "Soviet" - no one was consulted with anyone, at the factories of trade unions no longer engaged in the protection of workers' rights ( Only came the "party and government solutions"), and in the village of Bolsheviks suffered the collapse of all articles - secured and working peasants rolled the Bolsheviks in the local elections, exposing them to demagogy on the laugh and vote for sensible managers.
As a result, the Bolsheviks began to unwind the flywheel of the repression against all the disagreement- nothing else they did not know how to accommodate. All other parties were announced by the "enemies" and destroyed, rich and independent peasants declared "fists" and began to send, and those workers who wanted the real "Soviet" government at the factories - quickly took into the OGPU and accused of "counter-revolutions".
In the USSR, it was never written about this - but by the 1930th year, dictatorship and non-free dictatorship were actually established in the country in tens of times more powerful. If, during the period 1905-1917, the workers could collect, create strike committees, even publish their own newspapers and somehow protest - now any protests fastened to the root, "instigators" were sent or shot, and the most present serfdom was returned to the collective farms.
Working and Soviet serfdom.
The "workforce" system was introduced in 1930, during early Stalinism and worked as much as 1966 - touched on the board of three secrets and several generations of peasants. This system was that collective farmers Stop pay salaryInstead, accruem the so-called "workload", the system was extremely cruel and something reminded the accounting system in concentration camps. The man worked on heavy physical work in the collective farm, and instead of payment for his work he received a "wand" in a collective farm account. Later, these "sticks" could be exchanged for products, and could not be part of the "workload" could strike out for any minor areas and so on - for example, for the "non-fulfillment of norms" (extremely high) with people held a whole inverted Working.
What monetary equivalent was the "workload"? In the 1930s, in poor collective farms, one workday was estimated at 30 kopecks - for this amount, according to the result of the work, the collective farm could produce, for example, bread, grain or wool. As a result - all this led to mass hunger and incredible poverty among the peasants. Moreover, if, with Tsar, people could somehow survive, having income from their own put on, then in the USSR for the household economy, exorbitant taxes were introduced - which even more ruin the peasants.
Of course, all this led only to the fact that the peasants were massively fled to the cities - fled from this slavery, hunger and hopelessness. The Bolsheviks decided that she would not go further, and since 1932 actually legalized slavery - Peasants stopped issuing passports, and they lose exactly the same rights that were deprived of serfdom - could not move freely, choose the type of activity and so on.
The Chairman of the collective farm became an analogue of the "Barin" in the new Soviet fortress - now he issued permission to be a peasant to leave him from his village, permission to study in a particular educational institution, - in general, fully disposed of the fate of the peasants and their children. Young people tried to escape from collective farm slavery (for example, few people returned to their native collective farm from the army), but it was not possible to everyone.
What else is interesting - because of the universal poverty in collective farms, they actually did not pay pensions to old men. Formally, it was - but often made up only 2 rubles a month.
How did it all end?
And everything ended up a little predictable: first in 1959 introduced a "guaranteed payment minimum" - so that the people in the collective farms did not die with hunger (as it often happened in the late 1940s), then in May 1966 it was decided to cancel in May 1966 Working - introducing guaranteed right to pay. In the same year, the collective farmers began to receive passports - after almost 50 years of the "power of workers and peasants", the Communists finally recognized the right of the peasants to be called people.
In the years of restructuring, many Soviet editions began to write the truth that the workload was only with chopsticks in office books and were identified with unpaid, slave labor, this system began to call "error". As a result of this "error" several generations of peasants lived in the actual slavery, the University and often died of hunger ...
However, in some places, it is still preserved and now - in the unrecognized "LPR" in the east of Ukraine, accounting for work in agriculture is carried out in those most facilities that subsequently may be Will be exchanged for food sets. So this is a very good place for all fans - you can move there and enjoy the "thus". And there is probably very tasty ice cream.
So it goes.
Write in the comments that you think about this, I wonder.
Examples of references:
"The life of the peasants depended on the quantity of" hardwood "in the magazine of the brigadier. One "workload" did not match the number of days or the number of work. It was a conditional designation. "
"The peasants on the village did not have the right to have their own farm, no money was received for work in collective farms, and" workload ", which were recorded in the collective farm books, according to the results of work in exchange for work, it was possible to get food and other goods. At the same time, it was not possible to go to the city practically possible, since all the other peasants were not supposed to have passports. "
"Where will send, which will make, did everything. For the work of us wands wrote - workload. And we received on these workload figs. "
However, she [Education fee] turned out to be unbearable for many that many did not make it possible to continue their education after the 7th grade. By the way, the collective farmers then did not receive salaries in general - worked for workload, surviving at the expense of their inadlines.
What are the terrible such work? How many of them had to work? Wikipedia says the following:
"To strengthen the labor discipline by the decision of the Central Committee of the CCP (b) and SCSR SCS of May 27, 1939," On measures for the protection of public land collective farms from dilution "was established a mandatory minimum of workforce for able-bodied farmers - 100, 80 and 60 vehicle per year (depending on the edges and regions). "
Those., I worked 100 workdays, and you can sit at the bazaar for months, believed to be a full-fledged builder of communism. 100 workdays - a lot or a little? This will give the answer "Komsomolskaya Pravda" from 15.08.1941 (see Cut)
Yes, Stakhanovka, yes, front. But the annual standard for 1 (one) day. In general, conclusions, as always, do ourselves
But how much did this work work cost? You can listen to anti-Soversists:
"And the collective farmers had only" sticks "before 1965 (the so-called" workload "was celebrated in the notebook of working hours in the form of a" check mark "or most often - a vertical screak-" wand "), for which they actually did not receive anything, or received 10 -15 cop
"For work in the collective farm name 1, the workload was obtained: I worked one day from dawn to dawn - one wand (so-called workday), I worked at all shock - one and a half of the sticks. At the end of the year, the board of the collective farm solved how much giving bread on one workday - 200 or 600 grams. Givered grain, which was still needed to grind into the flour ... from the middle of the fifties, to the joy of the villagers, they began to pay extra money to workdays. "
"What is workman - no longer remember. It was a form of remuneration in collective farms. Actually, workman is one way to work, for what the accounting of the collective farm office recorded the" wand ". If the work was considered severe, counted one and a half or two workload. Consequently For a year, theoretically, it was possible to earn up to 700 sticks.
"They were calculated for them not every month, but at the end of the year - after the collective farm" handed over the plan. "That is, part of the crop was given to the state. Another part remained in the seed fund. And the rest just went to the workflow earned. Let's say kg of grain to workday, but when the crown, it could be for 200 g. " http://gazeta.ua/ru/articles/history-newspaper/_trudo .. (alas, Ukrainian resource, no longer opens)
"The work began to put the work for work -" sticks ", no money, no money paid."
I will give numbers in the Chelyabinsk region - the area where agriculture is conducted in much more difficult conditions than in Ukraine. (See Cutting 1) The first thing that rushes into the eye - money was accrued to work. And then, as always, draw conclusions yourself
How much did the collective farmer work?
How many working days (not workday. Working - the amount of tasks) was the peasant per year?
In 1940, the country became on military rails. That year, the industry was translated into a six-day working week with one day off. As a result, about 300 working days per year was obtained.
Anti-Sovers say that time:
"... the peasants worked from dawn to dawn. Work accrued to work."
"Our grandmothers and grandparents worked from dawn to dawn in the collective farm for ordinary standing sticks, and at night they were called to the village council and demanded to subscribe to the loan and did not let go until the person agreed. And in the morning again with the sunrise at work"
But all this is done only with one goal - to intimidate the average man, and roughly and shallow ... This lies are exposed to three minutes.
Here is a clipping out of the article "In the Ukrainian village" (Izvestia, No. 88, 15.04.41) (see clipping)
Those. In 1940, at 300 working days in the city, the peasants worked in collective farm 3 times less.
Calculation of workload to tractor drivers on the smelting and on all other types of field tractor works (except for harvesting and grinding) is made for the implementation of the replacement rate of production in the amount of four and a half vehicle on the wheel tractors and five workforids on tracked tractors. For tractor drivers of the 1st category, which have worked in MTS at least one year and the tests for the tractor driver of the 1st category, the rates are raised on all types of work by 10%.
Install the progressive payment for all types of tractor work for overfulfing the changeable standards in the following order: for overfulfing a 25% of the established norm, excellent work is paid by 25% higher than ordinary rates; For overfulfing the norms from 25 to 50% is paid in one-time size and for overfulfing the norms over 50% - in double size.
Allow directors of MTS, in order to avoid the downtime of tractors, in exceptional cases, to allow the superman's work of tractor drivers on tractors for which to pay for one-hour size, without leaving the limits of MTS to tractor operations.
For each hectare (in the transfer of all work on the soft lands, made above the seasonal standards of production, with good quality of work, tractor drivers operating on the wheel tractors are additionally accrued by 1/2 of the workload, and tractor drivers working on tracked tractors - PO1 / 5 workload. The accrual of additional workformes is made by MTS and each collective farm, in the fields of which tractor driver worked, in accordance with the work performed throughout the entire field of field work.
When performing all wheel tractors, the CTZ and HTZ tractor brigade of the annual production rate is charged additionally at the end of the year 50 trucks and an assistant to the MTS tractor brigade brigade.
MTS Directors are obliged to establish on each tractor, working on plowing the chibs, a certain amount of hectares of the zyabi to be fulfilled for the autumn period. Tractor players who fulfilled the established seasonal task on tractors are charged a premium in the amount of 20% to the workers earned on plowing, and for overfulfilled hectares in excess of the set number of zyabi, workforce is accrued in one-time size.
Working a tractorist is charged only for truly performed tractor work. The work performed by tractor drivers is unfairly, it is married and payment has not formed ^ IT. Acceptance of work from a tractor driver for quality is made daily by a brigadier of a field brigade in the presence of a brigadier and a tractor brigade. Daily information compiled by the accounting of tractor drivers and accrualing workformes are signed by the Brigadier of the Tractor Brigade and are assigned to the brigadier of the field brigade.
There is no payment for simple tractors for any reason, field repair, translating tractors and delivery of cars from MTS estate to the place of work and back.
With tractor drivers that disturbed the set plowing depth is held 50%, and from the Tractor Brigade Brigadier - 10% of the value of fuel consumed into rejected works.
For the first two days of work in the early spring harrowing, in the first six days on the spring cultivation and spring-sowing accrual of truss to tractor drivers, brigadiers of tractor teams, their assistants, countersulators and trailers are performed in a double size.
At the workformer accrued to tractor drivers, brigadiers of tractor teams and their assistants, MTS, in accordance with the decision of the USSR SCC and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of January 13, 1939, monthly money warranty minimum 2 rubles is paid. 50 kopecks For workday. In addition to the specified cash payment from MTS to tractor drivers, tractor team brigadiers and their assistants of the collective farm, on the fields of which they worked, issue products on earned work on tractor work on a par with all collective farmers, but at least three kilograms of grain food crops on workday, as well as the difference between Warranty monetary and natural payment and the actual value of the monetary and natural part of the workload in the collective farm in cases where this cost is higher than warranty minimum.
All products on the work done by the workflow of the collective farms are obliged to deliver to tractor drivers, brigadiers of tractor teams, their assistants and taking advantages to the house with their transportation means and at their own expense on MTS certificates of the number of accrued workformes, on the same deadlines in which the products of collective farmers are issued.
Suburban fruit and vegetable collective farms, as well as special circular collective farms of Transcaucasia, Crimea and other areas, edges and republics can produce tractor drivers, tractor brigade brigades and their assistants. Indeed, natural warranty minimum grain - no less than 2 p. 50 k. For workday.
Tortanists, tractor brigade brigadiers and their helpers working in cotton collective farms are paid from MTS to the following amount: in the Uzbek, Tajik, Turkmen, Kyrgyz SSR, in the South Kazakhstan region of the Kazakh SSR - 5 rubles. on workday; In Azerbaijan, Armenian, Georgian SSR - 7 rubles. on workday.
In addition, tractor drivers, brigadiers of tractor brigades and their assistants receive from collective farms to earned truly all products on a par with all the collective farmers and the difference of Melet with warranty monetary pay received from MTS, and the actual value of the vehicle's monetary part in cases where this cost is higher than warranty minimum .
Bigades of tractor brigades work hard for 30 percent, and the assistants of the brigadier are 20 percent higher than the average earnings of the brigade tractor driver. The definition of the average earnings of the tractor driver is made in all tractor drivers of the brigade, regardless of the idle of the tractors, with the exception of those tractors whose tractors are put on scheduled repairs.
Establish brigadiers of tractor brigades and their assistants of va good quality work monthly premium from MTS; Brigadier - in the amount of 75 kopecks. For each workman produced by him, and the brigadier assistant is in the amount of 50 kopecks.
Tractor brigades boosts are charged by collective farms, on the fields of which the tractor team operates, in the amount of two workdays per working day with the distribution of a guarantee minimum of genuine pay, installed for tractor drivers in the amount of three kilograms for workday.
To work on tractor trailers and the tools of the collective farm, on the fields of which the tractor team works, it highlights constant, quite prepared collective farmers. The accrual of farewell to collective farmers working on tractor trailers and guns is made in the half the size of the entire production of the tractor driver, with which the hunter worked.
The collective farm, on the fields of which work, organizes for the period of field work. Power supply for tractor drivers, tractor brigadiers and their assistants at prices not exceeding the prices of cooperation and government, with the exception of bread to be held with tractorists in nature with the final calculation of workload, and provides nutrition Collective farmers working on trailed guns, at prices established by collective farms.
[From the decisions of the USSR SCC and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of March 8, 1939 "On the standards for the development and remuneration of tractor drivers in machine-tractor stations"; dated January 17, 1940 "On the poor use of wheel tractors in MTS and state farms and measures to improve their performance"; From September 3, 1940 "On plowing zyabi in collective farms and state farms."]
P.S.
What is the result? Linding is not a horror service, but simply a piece of remuneration system.
Labor
Labor - measure of evaluation and form of accounting for quantity and quality of labor in collective farms from 1930 to 1966.
1948-1966
In the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On measures to improve the organization, an increase in productivity and streamlining remuneration in collective farms" dated April 19, 1948, the collective farms to distribute income taking into account the crop collected by the brigade, and in brigades - on the links, so that the collective farmers are brigades And links that have received higher yields would receive respectively and higher payment.
The decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of March 6, 1956 expanded the independence of collective farms in the methods of accrual and payments. In many collective farms, forms of wages were adopted, which were significantly different from the recommended decree of April 19, 1948. In 1959, a guaranteed minimum of money was introduced, and some of the payment was issued as a monthly advance payment, and at the end of the year the final calculation was carried out.
By the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR on May 18, 1966, "On increasing the material interest of collective farmers in the development of social production", guaranteed payments for the Labor of the collective farmers were introduced instead of working, including the right to additional payment and a premium.
Late experience of workload
China
In China to fulfill the tasks of a large jump, "Folk Communes" from 1958, "Folk Communes Since 1958, have become created - large self-sufficient groups living and working together, eating in a common dining room. The exchange tool instead of money in these groups served workload.
see also
- Personas
- Tyak's hours
Notes
Sources
- Agricultural Encyclopedia 1 ed. 1932-1935 M. Ogiz RSFSR
- Director of the Chairman of the collective farm, Oziz, State Publishing House of Kolkhoz and Soviet Literature, Moscow, "Selkhozgiz", 1941
- Some wages in collective farms / n. T. Osipov. Jurisprudence. -1959. - № 1. - with. 55 - 67.
- State Reserve Bread in the USSR and Social Policy V. P. Popov Sociological Studies. 1998. No. 5. P. 24-33
- Budgetary surveys of collective farmers of the Sverdlovsk region 1935-1953. From the collection of documents, collective farm life in the Urals. 1935-1953 / Compilers X. Kessler, E. Kornilov. - M.: Russian Political Encyclopedia (Rossman), 2006
- On the organization and payment of labor for workload in collective farm beekeeping from the journal beekeeping. 1950
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Synonyms:Watch what is "workday" in other dictionaries:
Working ... Orphographic Dictionary
A man model is a dictionary of Russian synonyms. Trudder SUT., Number of synonyms: 3 Measures (250) Wand ... Synonym dictionary
The experiment of a French doctor Alena Bombara saved tens of thousands of people who were shipwreck.
10 years ago, a person who committed an amazing act was gone. And the act absolutely altruistic ... Alain Bombar was a duty doctor in the hospital of Bulon, when 43 sailors were brought there - shipwreck victims at Mall Carno. No one could easily save.
Alain Crowing himself for nothing to do for them. He began collecting shipwreck information. It turned out that around 200 thousand people every year in the world in such catastrophes. Of these, 50 thousand have time to move on rescue boats and rafts, but still after a while dying to the painful death.
Monogram and monograms on the coins of the Russian Empire.
Monogram (Greek. Όόνος is one, γραμα - letter) - a sign made up of each other, set by side or interlaced one with another initial letter of the name and surname or from the reduction of a whole name.
Monogram (from the Polish Wezel - Knot) is the connection of the initials of some person in one image. Most often it is the initial letter of the name and surname, less often - patronymic. The letters at the same time are most often used upwards, but are connected with the help of VZI. The monograms of the reigning specialists usually consisted of the first letters of their behalf (sometimes patronymic), and in addition, title and numbers. Could decorating with crowns or wreaths. Particularly distinguished subjects of the state trucks awarded the vensels as a sign of a special location.
