Art style as a functional style finds application in fiction, which performs figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic functions. In order to understand the features of the artistic way of knowing reality, thinking, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific way of knowing, which determines specific traits scientific speech.
Literature, like other forms of art, is inherent in concrete representation of life in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. Characteristic of a work of art perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality , the author seeks to convey, first of all, his personal experience, their understanding and comprehension of this or that phenomenon.
For the artistic style of speech is typical attention to the particular and the accidental followed by typical and general. Remember "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personified certain specific human qualities, expressed a certain type, and all together they were the "face" of Russia contemporary to the author.
Peace fiction - this is a “recreated” world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech the most important role plays a subjective moment. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in the artistic world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is connected with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful versatility of the artistic style of speech.
The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. . The words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style include, first of all, the figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.
In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is very widely used. , which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.
Come to the fore in a literary text emotionality and expressiveness of the image . Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech - as concrete-sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For artistic speech, especially poetic, inversion is characteristic, that is, a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from A. Akhmatova's poem "Everything I see is Pavlovsk is hilly ...". Variants of the author's word order are diverse, subject to the general plan.
In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible due to artistic actualization., i.e., the allocation by the author of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.
By diversity, richness and expressive possibilities language tools artistic style stands above other styles, is the most complete expression of the literary language.
As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-artistic speech, performs a nominative-pictorial function.
Linguistic features of the artistic style of speech
1. Heterogeneity of the lexical composition: a combination of book vocabulary with colloquial, colloquial, dialect, etc.
The feather grass has matured. The steppe was clad in swaying silver for many versts. The wind accepted it resiliently, swooping in, roughening it, bumping it, driving gray-opal waves first to the south, then to the west. Where a flowing air stream ran, the feather grass bent prayerfully, and for a long time a blackening path lay on its gray ridge.
Various herbs bloomed. On the crests of the nikla is a joyless, burnt-out wormwood. The nights faded quickly. At night, in the charred-black sky, innumerable stars shone; month - the Cossack sun, darkening with a damaged sidewall, shone sparingly, white; the spacious Milky Way intertwined with other stellar paths. The tart air was thick, the wind was dry and wormwood; the earth, saturated with the same bitterness of the all-powerful wormwood, yearned for coolness.(M.A. Sholokhov)
2. Use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to realize an aesthetic function.
Daria hesitated for a minute and refused:
- No, no, I'm alone. There I am alone.
Where "there" - she did not even know close and, going out of the gate, went to the Angara. (V. Rasputin)
3. Activity of polysemantic words
all styles of speech.
The river boils all in a lace of white foam.
On the velvet of the meadows poppies are reddening.
Frost was born at dawn.
(M. Prishvin).
4. Combinatorial increments of meaning
(B.Larin)
Words in an artistic context receive a new semantic and emotional content, which embodies the figurative thought of the author.
I dreamed of catching the departing shadows,
The fading shadows of the fading day.
I went up the tower. And the steps trembled.
And the steps trembled under my foot
(K. Balmont)
5. Greater preference for the use of specific vocabulary and less - abstract.
Sergei pushed the heavy door. The steps of the porch barely audible sobbed under his foot. Two more steps and he is already in the garden.
The cool evening air was filled with the intoxicating aroma of flowering acacia. Somewhere in the branches, a nightingale chirped its trills, iridescently and subtly.
6. A minimum of generic concepts.
One more important piece of advice for a prose writer. More specificity. The imagery is the more expressive, the more precisely, more specifically the object is named.
You: " Horses chew corn. The peasants are preparing morning food”, “noisy birds"... In the artist's poetic prose, which requires visible clarity, there should be no generic concepts, if this is not dictated by the very semantic task of the content ... oats better than grain. Rooks more appropriate than birds(Konstantin Fedin)
7. Wide use of folk poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.
Rosehip, probably, since spring has made its way along the trunk to the young aspen, and now, when the time has come to celebrate the aspen's name day, it all flared up with red fragrant wild roses.(M. Prishvin).
The New Time was located in Ertelev Lane. I said "fit". This is not the right word. Reigned, ruled.(G. Ivanov)
8. Verbal speech
The writer calls each movement (physical and / or mental) and change of state in stages. Forcing verbs activates reader tension.
Gregory went down to the Don, carefully climbed over through the wattle fence of the Astakhov base, came up to the shuttered window. He heard only frequent heartbeats ... Quietly knocked into the binding of the frame ... Aksinya silently approached to the window peered. He saw how she pressed hands to chest and heard an inarticulate moan escaped her lips. Gregory familiar showed so that she opened window, stripped off rifle. Aksinya opened wide sashes. He became on the mound, Aksinya's bare hands grabbed his neck. They are so trembled and fought on his shoulders, these native hands that tremble them transmitted and Gregory.(M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don")
The dominants of the artistic style are the imagery and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (down to sounds). Hence the desire for freshness of the image, unhackneyed expressions, a large number of tropes, special artistic (corresponding to reality) accuracy, the use of special expressive means of speech characteristic only for this style - rhythm, rhyme, even in prose a special harmonic organization of speech.
The artistic style of speech is distinguished by figurativeness, the wide use of figurative and expressive means of the language. In addition to its typical linguistic means, it uses the means of all other styles, especially colloquial. In the language of fiction, vernacular and dialectisms, words of a high, poetic style, jargon, rude words, professionally business turns of speech, journalism can be used. HOWEVER, ALL THESE MEANS IN the artistic style of speech ARE SUBJECT TO ITS MAIN FUNCTION - AESTHETIC.
If the colloquial style of speech performs primarily the function of communication, (communicative), scientific and official-business function of the message (informative), then the artistic style of speech is intended to create artistic, poetic images, emotional and aesthetic impact. All linguistic means included in a work of art change their primary function, obey the tasks of a given artistic style.
In literature, language occupies a special position because it is building material, that matter perceived by ear or sight, without which a work cannot be created. The artist of the word - the poet, the writer - finds, in the words of L. Tolstoy, "the only necessary placement of the only necessary words" in order to correctly, accurately, figuratively express an idea, convey the plot, character, make the reader empathize with the heroes of the work, enter the world created by the author.
All this is accessible ONLY to the LANGUAGE OF ART LITERATURE, therefore it has always been considered the pinnacle of the literary language. The best in language, its strongest possibilities and the rarest beauty - in the works of fiction, and all this is achieved by the artistic means of the language.
The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. You are already familiar with many of them. These are such tropes as epithets, comparisons, metaphors, hyperbole, etc.
trails- a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. The path is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem to our consciousness to be close in some way. The most common types of tropes are allegory, hyperbole, irony, litote, metaphor, metomia, personification, paraphrase, synecdoche, simile, epithet.
For example: What are you howling about, the night wind, what are you complaining about insanely - personification. All flags will visit us - synecdoche. A man with a fingernail, a boy with a finger - litote. Well, eat a plate, my dear - metonymy, etc.
Expressive means of language include stylistic figures of speech or just figures of speech : anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion, polyunion, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical address, omission, ellipsis, epiphora. The means of artistic expression also include rhythm (poems and prose), rhyme, intonation .
Journalism is called the chronicle of modernity, since it reflects the current history in its entirety, addresses the topical problems of society - political, social, cultural, everyday, philosophical, etc. Newspaper-journalistic (journalistic) style speeches are presented on the pages of newspapers and magazines, in materials of radio and television journalism, in public lectures, in the speeches of speakers in parliament, at congresses, plenums, meetings, rallies, etc.
Texts related to this style are distinguished by a variety of topics and language design. On the one hand, the same genre, for example, the genre of reportage, will be significantly different in the newspaper, on radio and on television. But, on the other hand, newspaper reporting differs significantly from other newspaper genres - information, essay, feuilleton, etc.
However, all genres of journalism have many common features that allow them to be combined into a single whole. And these common features are due to the presence of a common function. Journalistic style texts are always addressed to the masses and always perform - along with informational - an influencing function. The nature of the impact can be direct and open. For example, at a rally, speakers openly call on the masses to support or reject this or that decision of the government, this or that speaker, politician, etc.
The nature of the impact may be different, as if hidden behind an outwardly objective presentation of facts (cf. news programs on radio, television). However, the very selection of facts, their more or less detailed consideration, the nature of the presentation of the material also provide for a certain impact on the masses. By its very nature, journalism is designed to actively intervene in life, to shape public opinion.
A characteristic feature of journalism is also that it affects not only one person, but precisely the masses, society as a whole and its individual social groups. In the journalistic style, the author's individuality is much stronger than in the scientific, official and business styles. However, in this case, the author manifests himself not only as a specific person (with his own unique features), but also as a representative of society, an exponent of certain social ideas, interests, etc.
Therefore, the main feature, the dominant feature of journalistic style is social appraisal, which is manifested both in the very selection of facts, the degree of attention to them, and in the use of expressive linguistic means.
In general, the journalistic style is characterized by a constant alternation of expression and standard, the constant transformation of expressive means into a standard and the search for new expressive means of expression.
For example, metaphors cold war, iron curtain, perestroika, stagnation, thaw almost immediately turned into socio-political, standardly used terms.
Such confrontation and interaction of expression and standard is quite natural. The influencing function determines the constant desire of journalism for expression, but the need for expressive and visual means conflicts with the need to quickly respond to all the events of our time. Standards, being ready-made speech forms, are correlated with certain socio-political and other situations. And the text, built in a familiar, standard form, is easier to write and easier to digest. It is no coincidence that such stereotypes are most often found in those genres that require an economical and concise form and are operationally related to the event itself: official communication, information, press review, report on the work of parliament, government, etc. In other genres (essay, feuilleton, etc.) there are fewer speech standards, original expressive techniques come to the fore, speech is individualized.
The standard informative means used in a journalistic style include the following:
| Language tools | Examples |
|---|---|
| Socio-political vocabulary. | Society, citizen, patriotism, reform, democracy, parliament, debate. |
| Terminology of science, production and other social media. | According to the experts of the Institute terrestrial magnetism Russian Academy, main stream of solar matter passed away from the Earth ... At the beginning of the century, the peak of the eleven-year solar activity cycle. For 6 days, the number of requests for medical help for those suffering from diseases has doubled of cardio-vascular system. |
| Book vocabulary of abstract meaning. | Intensify, constructive, priority. |
| Own names. | It was decided to hold the next meeting of the G8 in Canada. After talks about the possible resignation of the Italian coach "Spartacus" gave his club the best match of the season. The president V.V. Putin made an appeal to the participants of the forum. |
| Abbreviations, that is, compound words. | UNESCO, CIS, UN. |
| Newspaper cliches, that is, stable phrases and whole sentences. | Difficult political environment; reserves for increasing efficiency; reach design capacity. |
| Polynomial phrases. | Together with the delegation went to the DPRK working group on preparing proposals for the modernization of Korean roads. |
| Complete sentences with direct word order. | Yesterday Minister of Railways N. Aksyonenko headed a delegation of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation and flew to Pyongyang. |
| Complex and complicated sentences with participial, adverbial phrases, plug-in constructions, etc. | It is expected that during the meeting of ministers a number of issues related to the connection of the Trans-Korean Railway with the Trans-Siberian Railway will be resolved. |
Among the expressive-influencing means, it is necessary to highlight the following:
| Language tools | Examples |
|---|---|
| Language level: Vocabulary and phraseology | |
| Vocabulary of various stylistic coloring. | Puncture inexperienced politician in intrigues; to one of the regional police departments of Khabarovsk man rammed cannon; The Pentagon watches with impotent desperation as Chinese experts gutted top secret plane; fire up state machine - it's not for weak. |
| Newspapers, that is, units that are widely used in this particular area and almost uncommon in other areas. | Accomplishments, steady, initiative, intrigues, curbing, atrocities, military action, outrages, unanimously, solidarity. |
| Tropes, that is, turns of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense in order to achieve greater expressiveness. | |
| a) Metaphor, that is, the use of a word in a figurative sense based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena. | Election marathon; political farce; reserve of racism; political solitaire. |
| b) Metonymy, that is, the use of the name of one object instead of the name of another object on the basis of an external or internal connection (adjacency) between these objects or phenomena. | Gold(meaning "gold medals") went to our athletes. London(meaning "the government, the ruling circles of Great Britain") agreed to participate in the military operation together with Washington(in the meaning of "the government, the ruling circles of the United States"). |
| c) Synecdoche, that is, a kind of metonymy, in which the name of a part (detail) of an object is transferred to the whole object, and vice versa - the name of the whole is used instead of the name of the part. In this case, the singular is often used instead of the plural and vice versa. | The presentation was dominated by crimson jackets(instead - wealthy people, now conditionally called new Russians). Protection(instead of - the defender) requires the full justification of the widow Rokhlin. Even the most discerning buyer find here a product to your liking. |
| d) Epithet, that is, an artistic, figurative definition. | Dirty war; gangster prices; barbaric methods. |
| e) Comparison, that is, a trope consisting in likening one object to another on the basis of a common feature. | snow dust pillar stood in the air. It was noticeable that the best teacher Russia", going on stage, worried like a first grader. |
| f) Paraphrase, that is, a trope, consisting in replacing the name of a person, object or phenomenon with a description of them essential features or an indication of their characteristics. | Foggy Albion (England); king of beasts (lion); creator of Macbeth (Shakespeare); singer of Giaur and Juan (Byron). |
| g) Allegory, that is, an allegorical depiction of an abstract concept with the help of a specific, life image. | Such a quality of a person as cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed - in the guise of a wolf, deceit - in the form of a snake, etc. |
| h) Hyperbole, that is, a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of the size, strength, value of an object, phenomenon. | Wide as the sea, highway; officials robbed poor tenants to the thread; ready suffocate in the arms. |
| i) Litota, that is, a figurative expression that downplays the size, strength, significance of the described object, phenomenon. | Below a thin blade you have to bow your head. Such injections into our economy - a drop in the sea. |
| j) Personification, that is, endowing inanimate objects with signs and properties of a person. | The ice track is waiting future champions. Terrifying poverty firmly clung to to an African country. not without reason slander and hypocrisy all life walk in an embrace. |
| Cliche expressive-influencing nature. | People of good will; with a sense of legitimate pride; with deep satisfaction; to increase fighting traditions; policy of aggression and provocation; pirate course, the role of the world gendarme. |
| Phraseologisms, proverbs, sayings, winged words, including modified ones. | Washington still shows the habit rake in the heat with someone else's hands. This faction is no stranger sing from someone else's voice. The restoration of Lensk proved that we have not forgotten how work with fire. Lennon lived, Lennon is alive, Lennon will live! |
| Language level: Morphology | |
| The emphasized role of collectiveness (the use of the singular in the meaning of the plural, pronouns every, every, adverb always, never, everywhere and etc.). | How to help farmer? This land is richly watered with the blood of our fathers and grandfathers. Each man at least once in his life thought about this question. Never The world has never seemed so small and fragile. |
| Forms of superlatives as an expression of expression, the highest rating. | The most decisive measures, the highest achievements, the strictest ban. |
| Imperative (incentive) forms as an expression of agitation and sloganism (imperative mood, infinitive, etc.). | summon slanderers to the answer! Be worthy memory of the fallen! Everyone - to fight the flood! |
| The expressive use of present tense forms in describing past events: the author seeks to present himself and the reader as if they were participants in these events. | Now I often I ask myself, what made me in life? AND I answer- Far East. Here about everything their concepts, between people their relations. Here, for example, in Vladivostok comes whaling flotilla "Glory". The whole city buzzing. collects the bosses of all the sailors and say: “If you, a scoundrel, come tomorrow and say that you were robbed, then it’s better not to come.” Someone in the morning is an, of course robbed, and blames... |
| Language level: Expressive syntax and rhetorical figures * | |
| Antithesis, that is, a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images. | The rich feast on weekdays, and the poor mourn on holidays. |
| Gradation, that is, such a construction of parts of the statement, in which each subsequent part contains an increasing (or decreasing) semantic or emotionally expressive meaning. | Our officials have long forgotten that they are obliged cherish the people's wealth, preserve, increase, fight for every penny! |
| Inversion, that is, the arrangement of the members of the sentence in a special order that violates the usual (direct) word order. | With joy this message was received. Don't leave terrorists from retribution. |
| Parallelism, that is, the same syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech, including such varieties of parallelism as anaphora, that is, the repetition of the same elements at the beginning of each parallel row, and epiphora, that is, the repetition of the last elements at the end of each row. | Every day the pensioner came to the district administration. Every day retirees were not accepted. On Monday, the plant did not work - shared received on a new order money. Didn't work on Tuesday either. shared the money. And now, a month later, also not up to work - divide money not earned yet! |
| Mixing Syntactic Structures(the incompleteness of the phrase, the end of the sentence is given in a different syntactic plan than the beginning, etc.). | Our experiment showed that the Russian " wild geese"are ready to fight even for the Americans, even for the Taliban. If only they paid... A banknote was confiscated from a citizen detained in Kazan, which was 83 times more than the norm. Did the terrorists also have such "weapons of mass destruction"? |
| Connecting structures, that is, those in which phrases do not fit immediately into one semantic plane, but form a chain of attachment. | I recognize the role of the individual in history. Especially if it's the president. Especially the President of Russia. They did everything themselves. And what just did not come up with! It is worse when a person is not noticed behind the clothes. It is worse when offended. They offend undeservedly. |
| A rhetorical question, that is, the affirmation or denial of something in the form of a question, a rhetorical exclamation, a rhetorical appeal, as well as a question-corresponding presentation of the material as an imitation of a dialogue; introduction to the text of direct speech. | So we will not hear the truth from our valiant naval commanders? Get it, Inspector, blue outfit! Yesterday, the Minister of the Interior signed a report from the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate on the introduction of a new uniform for its employees in Russia. Equator wall? Easy! |
| Nominative representations, that is, an isolated nominative case, naming the topic of the subsequent phrase and designed to arouse special interest in the subject of the statement. | September 11, 2001. This day became a black day in the life of the entire planet. |
| Ellipsis, that is, the intentional omission of any member of the sentence, which is implied from the context. | In your letters - the truth of life. Russia - in the final of the 2002 World Cup! |
| Polyunion or, on the contrary, non-union in complex and complicated sentences. | The team was shaken up more than once. And they changed coaches. And the center was transferred to the right flank. And the defense was dispersed. To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest. |
Of course, the use of standard and expressive means of language in a journalistic style largely depends on the genre, on the sense of proportion, taste and talent of the publicist.
Test 15
Test 14. Vocabulary not only of the literary language is presented in the style of speech
Test 13. Emotionally expressive vocabulary is most fully represented in
Test 12
Test 11
Test 9
Test 7. Such a trait as
Test 6. The main language function of conversational style is
Test 3. Does not apply to book style of speech
a) official business;
b) scientific;
c) colloquial and everyday;
d) journalistic.
a) scientific;
b) artistic;
c) journalistic;
d) official business.
Test 5 informality, ease and expressiveness of speech communication characteristic of the style
a) official business;
b) scientific;
c) colloquial and everyday;
d) journalistic.
a) accumulative;
b) cognitive;
c) communicative;
d) aesthetic.
a) informality and ease of speech;
b) spontaneity and automatism;
c) accuracy and consistency of speech;
d) routine content.
Test 8. The statement is incorrect:
a) Speech situation pays a lot of attention to conversational style.
b) This allows the maximum reduction of the statement.
c) Compression, simplification - necessary condition for the existence of a conversational style.
d) The main form of existence of the conversational style is the monologue form.
a) scientific terminology;
b) colloquial words;
c) commonly used words;
d) colloquial words.
Test 10. In practical application, a mixture of styles often occurs, which begins to interact with each other. This process is called:
a) semantic flow;
b) written stream;
c) speech flow;
d) oral flow.
a) journalistic;
c) scientific;
d) colloquial and everyday.
a) vernacular;
b) dialects;
c) jargon;
d) literary language.
a) colloquial and everyday speech;
b) official business speech;
c) scientific speech;
d) technical style.
a) scientific;
b) official business;
c) journalistic;
d) artistic.
a) sixty grams, with fifty percent;
b) driver, on vacation;
c) shorter, softer;
d) five kilograms of an orange.
Test 16 sweetheart, hare, hard worker refer to
a) neologisms;
b) evaluative vocabulary;
c) archaisms;
d) historicism.
a) abstractness and precision;
b) imagery and aesthetic value;
c) standardization and objectivity;
d) appraisal and invocativeness.
Style (Greek stylo - stick, pen) is a kind of language that serves any aspect of social life. It is called functional, as it performs a certain function in society in each case.
Functional style is a subsystem of the literary language, which is implemented in a certain area. social activities(for example, in the field of science, business communication, everyday communication, etc.) and is characterized by a certain set of stylistically significant linguistic means. Term functional style emphasizes that the varieties of the literary language are distinguished on the basis of the function (role) that the language performs in each specific case. It is the goals of communication that dictate the choice of stylistic devices, the compositional structure of speech for each specific case. Functional styles are heterogeneous; each of them is represented by a number of genre varieties, e.g. in scientific style – scientific monographs and educational texts, in official business - laws, certificates, business letters, in newspaper and journalistic - article, reportage, etc. Each functional type of speech has its own specific features, its own range of vocabulary and syntactic structures, which are implemented to one degree or another in each genre of a given style.
In accordance with the spheres of social activity in modern Russian, there are functional styles:
scientific,
formal business,
newspaper and journalistic
artistic (not distinguished by all linguists),
colloquial-everyday.
All functional styles are manifested both in oral and written forms, and, in addition to colloquial and everyday, are bookish.
In practical application, there is often a mixture of styles that begin to interact with each other. This process is called "speech flow". To understand the stylistic affiliation of the text, it is necessary to highlight the main stylistic direction.
Stylistic richness makes the Russian language flexible and strong, emotionally expressive and strict.
It occupies a special place literary and artistic style. The main distinguishing feature of the language of fiction is its purpose: the whole organization of language means is subordinated not just to the transfer of content, but to the transfer by artistic means, the creation of an artistic image that reflects the world and the person in it. For this purpose, dialects, vernacular, and jargons can be used in a work of art. This is the language of feelings, emotional experiences, philosophical logical conclusions, it conveys the birth of the thought process, the “stream of consciousness” of a person. Russian literature has always been the bearer of the spiritual principles of the Russian people and is closely connected with its language.
The language of fiction has an impact on the development of the literary language. It is the writers who form the norms of the literary language in their works. Works of fiction use all the possibilities of the national language, so the language of fiction is exceptionally rich and flexible. “And the weather is great! The air is quiet, transparent and fresh. The night is dark, but you can see the whole village with its white roofs and wisps of smoke coming from the chimneys, trees silvered with frost, snowdrifts. The whole sky is strewn with merrily flashing stars, and the Milky Way looms as clearly as if it had been washed and rubbed with snow before the holiday, ”A.P. wrote so surprisingly simply, accurately, poetically. Chekhov.
Conversational style used not only in everyday life, but also in the professional field. In everyday life, it has oral and written forms, in the professional sphere - only oral.
Conversational speech is different in that its features are not fixed. Spoken language is non-codified speech. Its signs are unpreparedness, informality, participation of communicants. Also, this style does not require strict logic, sequence of presentation. But it is characterized by the emotionality of expressions, evaluative nature, some familiarity.
For example, in the tale of V.M. Shukshina “Until the third roosters”: “No, no,” said the librarian, “I think it’s millet. He's a goat... Let's better trample, right? Then let's go to Vladik... I know that he is a sheep. But he has "Grundik" - let's sit down ... Yes, I know that they are all goats, but you have to shoot time somehow! .. I don’t understand anything, - someone said quietly ... either Onegin, or Chatsky - to his neighbor, ... it seems to Oblomov. Oblomov smiled. "They're going to the zoo."
Colloquial speech uses neutral vocabulary, emotionally colored words, expressive vocabulary. It contains many references, diminutives, word order is free. The sentences are simpler in construction, sometimes incomplete, unfinished. (- Will you go to the test? - Well ...) They often contain subtext, irony, humor of the speaker. Colloquial speech is exceptionally rich and contains many phraseological turns, comparisons, proverbs and sayings. It gravitates towards constant updating and rethinking of language means. An important role is played by knowledge of speech etiquette, extralinguistic factors: facial expressions, gestures, intonation, environment.
In speech practice, there may be style interaction, the penetration of lexical means assigned to a particular sphere of social activity into areas of communication unusual for them. In the event that the use of a stylistically colored word in a context unusual for it is motivated by a certain communicative goal (for example, creating a positive evaluation of the statement, the effect of visibility - a reasonable pricing policy, flexible system discounts (official business speech), it is justified, it enhances the influencing power of the statement. If a stylistically colored word is used in a sphere of communication alien to it without a specific communicative purpose, such use qualifies as a stylistic mistake (for example; a regional forum of livestock farm workers; use the human factor (official business speech).
As experts note, any use can be correct if it is due to the nature of the sphere of communication, the tradition of selecting speech means by different categories of native speakers (physicists, journalists, poets, sailors, miners, diplomats, etc.). That is why even something that contradicts the norms of general literary speech can find a functionally justified application and act as an indicator of the originality of the form of communication. For example, phrases that are outside the general literary norms are stylistically significant and acceptable in professional speech: compass, give up, cake, ethers, cements, etc.
So, the styles of the literary language serve certain areas human activity, are socially determined. They interact with each other and act as forms of language existence.
References
Russian language and culture of speech: Course of lectures / G.K. Trofimova - M.: Flinta: Science, 2004 - 160s. (pp. 54 - 57).
QUESTIONS FOR SELF-CHECK
On what basis is the literary language divided into functional styles?
What is the peculiarity of the literary and artistic style?
Are the concepts of "conversational style" and "spoken language" synonymous?
Which feature is defining for each of the functional styles?
Tasks for independent work
Task 1. Write a short text (of 7-10 sentences) and present it in different styles.
TESTS
Test 1. Which statement is not true?
- Functional style is a kind of common language.
- Functional style is a kind of literary language.
- Functional styles are historically established and socially conscious systems of speech means used in a particular area of communication.
- The functional styles of the language got this name because they perform the most important functions, being a means of communication.
Test 2. Mark the erroneous statement: The following book styles are distinguished.
- Official business;
- scientific;
- authoritarian;
- journalistic.
Test 3. Which of the following styles is not bookish?
- Official business;
- scientific;
- colloquial;
- journalistic.
Test 4. The selection of which book style cannot be considered universally recognized?
- Scientific;
- art;
- journalistic;
- official business.
Test 5. What style of speech is characterized by such style features as informality, ease and expressiveness of speech communication?
- Official business;
- scientific;
- colloquial;
- journalistic.
Test 6. What language function does the conversational style perform?
- accumulative;
- cognitive;
- communicative;
- aesthetic.
Test 7. Which of the following features does not apply to the features of conversational style?
- Informality and ease of speech;
- spontaneity and automatism;
- accuracy and consistency of speech;
- routine content.
Test 8. Mark the wrong statement.
- The situation of speech has a great attention to the conversational style.
- This allows you to shorten the sentence as much as possible.
- Compression is a necessary condition for the existence of a conversational style.
- The main form of existence of the conversational style is the monologue form.
Test 9. What vocabulary is not typical for conversational style?
- Scientific terminology;
- colloquial words;
- common words;
- vernacular words.
Test 10. In what style of speech is clericalism not a disadvantage?
- scientific style;
- official business style;
- journalistic style;
- art.
Test 11. In what style of speech is terminological vocabulary based?
- scientific style;
- official business style;
- journalistic style;
- art style.
Test 12literary language?
- Scientific style.
- official business style;
- journalistic style;
- art.
Test 13. Find a row that shows morphological forms that are not typical for the colloquial style of speech.
- Sixty grams, with fifty percent;
- driver, on vacation;
- shorter, softer;
- five kilograms of orange.
Test 14
- Neologisms;
- evaluative vocabulary;
- archaisms.
- historicisms.
Test 15. What style trait is characteristic of the scientific style of speech?
- abstract;
- accuracy;
- logic;
- emotionality.
Test 16. Is social appraisal the dominant style?
- Scientific;
- official business;
- journalistic;
- artistic.
Test 17precision and abstraction?
- Official business;
- scientific;
- artistic;
- journalistic;
Test 18. Which style is greatly influenced by extralinguistic factors?
- Journalistic style;
- official business style;
- scientific style;
- conversational style;
Test 19
- Abstraction and precision;
- imagery and aesthetic significance;
- standard;
- appraisal and appeal.
Test 20
- Art;
- scientific style;
- journalistic;
- official business.
Stylistic differentiation of the literary language – the phenomenon is historically changeable;
The differentiation of the literary language into styles is caused by functional expediency: the selection, combination, internally conditioned association of means in a style system, perceived by the group of speakers as expedient, depend primarily on the sphere of social activity in which communication takes place;
The style system is relatively closed.
Based on these provisions, we can give the following definition of functional styles: these are varieties of a single literary language that have historically developed at a given time in a given language community, which are relatively closed systems of linguistic means that regularly function in various areas of social activity.
The literary language differs from other manifestations of the national language in its stylistic richness, which allows it to be used in official and unofficial communication, in the field of science, office work and lawmaking, in the media, in art and everyday life. Accordingly, the diverse use of the literary language leads to the appearance of functional and stylistic differentiation in it.
Style – it is a socially conscious, functionally conditioned, internally integrated set of methods of using, selecting and combining means of verbal communication in the sphere of one or another national, national language, correlative with other similar ways of expression that serve other purposes, perform other functions in public speech practice of this people. The term "style" itself has several interpretations.
The earliest, traditional and, at the same time, the broadest understanding of style is associated with the differences between written and spoken language. The concepts of "written" and "oral" refer to the phenomena of the form of linguistic communication, "bookish" and "spoken" - to the phenomena of style. At the same time, the language units that are mainly used in the book-writing sphere and formed in it usually carry a stylistic coloring for speakers of this language, which is called bookstore; the same parallelism is observed between the means of oral speech and colloquial. In this regard, it is often said bookstore style and colloquial.
functional style – a subsystem of the literary language, which is determined by the conditions and goals of communication in any area of social activity and has a certain set of stylistically significant linguistic means. Term functional style emphasizes that the varieties of the literary language are distinguished on the basis of the functions(role) that the language performs in each specific case.
The leading functional styles are usually distinguished:
Scientific;
Official business;
journalistic;
Colloquial;
Literary and artistic.
Foundationshighlighting functional styles are twofold: proper linguistic and extralinguistic. The nature of language is twofold, since language is a social phenomenon, since it, being a means of communication, is at the same time a means of forming and expressing thoughts, since it is a functioning system. In the process of functioning, language units that are constantly used in a particular area of communication acquire certain stylistic colors. On the other hand, the selection in a given sphere of communication of precisely those and not other units is subject to the principle of communicative expediency: those language units are selected from the language system that, by their nature, are able to best serve communication in this particular area.
Most linguists believe that the basis for the classification of functional styles should be considered extralinguistic principle .
Functional styles are the main, largest speech varieties. Each style is subdivided into substyles. This is determined by the diversity of the content of speech and its different communicative orientation, i.e. goals of communication.
So, the scientific style is subdivided into the actual scientific and scientific and technical sub-styles; official-business - on the actual legislative and clerical sub-styles; journalistic - for political propaganda, actually journalistic, newspaper, oratorical speech, etc.
Each functional style is represented side by side genre varieties.
At the same time in every style all his specific speech characteristics (distribution of parts of speech, case forms of nouns, temporary forms of the verb, types of sentences, their volume, etc.), vocabulary(use of terms, professionalisms, clericalisms, reduced words, abstract and concrete vocabulary), principles of text construction obey the organizing speech in this style dominant .
Dominant business style - ultimate precision, uniqueness . This entails its cumbersomeness, the prohibition of replacing names with pronouns, long sentences with a lot of clarifying phrases, the use of special terms and standardized construction of speech, up to the use of forms to be filled out.
Dominant scientific style is an conceptual accuracy (since the terminology systematically organized in each field of scientific knowledge is used), the emphasized logicality of speech. The accuracy of scientific style has less to do with exact correspondence to concrete reality; it is more abstract than the precision of a business style.
The dominant of the journalistic style is social appraisal . This is the selection of facts, and the use of words with evaluative connotations, and newspaper "labels", and expressive syntax.
Dominant conversational style , especially colloquial speech that exists in the oral form of informal personal communication, - minimizing concern for the form of expression of thoughts . Hence, phonetic fuzziness, lexical inaccuracy, widespread use of pronouns, elliptical syntactic constructions, etc.
The debatability of the legitimacy of allocationartistic style among other functional styles. Motivation: the language of fiction incorporates other functional styles, has no specific linguistic signs, and performs a special, aesthetic function. However, despite the apparent multi-style, artistic speech uses only individual features and elements of other styles, which are also used in aesthetic functions, and not in the one that they perform in the styles from which they are borrowed. Artistic speech, serving a special, aesthetic, sphere of communication, is a functional style.
D artistic style ominant - imagery and aesthetic value each of its elements . Hence - a large number of tropes, the desire for "freshness" of the image, the use of special, only for this style, characteristic expressive means of speech - rhythm, rhyme, harmonic organization of speech.
Styles of language should be taken into account when studying speech culture, as they have an impact on communicative qualities of speech. Speech communication is carried out, in essence, not in the language as a whole, but in one or another of its functional styles.
A single statement or a whole significant work may represent a functional style, not necessarily in its pure, in a holistic way, but as a kind of multi-layered stylistic phenomenon, as a result of the interaction of styles.
When describing the leading functional styles, the system of each of them includes language tools that can be used in works representing a particular functional style.
