- What can the effects of radiation on humans lead to? The effect of radiation on humans is called irradiation. The basis of this effect is the transfer of radiation energy to the cells of the body. Radiation can cause metabolic disorders, infectious complications, leukemia and malignant tumors, radiation infertility, radiation cataracts, radiation burns, and radiation sickness. The effects of radiation have a stronger effect on dividing cells, and therefore radiation is much more dangerous for children than for adults.
- How can radiation enter the body? The human body reacts to radiation, not to its source. Those sources of radiation, which are radioactive substances, can enter the body with food and water (through the intestines), through the lungs (during breathing) and, to a small extent, through the skin, as well as during medical radioisotope diagnostics. In this case they talk about internal radiation. In addition, a person may be exposed to external radiation from a radiation source that is located outside his body. Internal radiation is much more dangerous than external radiation.
- Evacuation- a set of measures for the organized removal (withdrawal) from cities of personnel of economic facilities that have ceased their work in an emergency situation, as well as the rest of the population. Evacuees permanently reside in the suburban area until further notice.
- Evacuation is the process of organized independent movement of people directly outside or to a safe zone from premises in which there is a possibility of people being exposed to dangerous factors.
- How to protect yourself from radiation?
- They are protected from the source of radiation by time, distance and substance. Time- due to the fact that the shorter the time spent near the radiation source, the lower the radiation dose received from it. Distance- due to the fact that radiation decreases with distance from the compact source (proportional to the square of the distance). If at a distance of 1 meter from the radiation source the dosimeter records 1000 µR/hour, then at a distance of 5 meters the readings will drop to approximately 40 µR/hour. Substance- you must strive to have as much substance as possible between you and the source of radiation: the more of it and the denser it is, the more of the radiation it will absorb.
PERSONAL RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Respiratory protection equipment includes
- gas masks (filtering and insulating);
- respirators;
- anti-dust fabric masks PTM-1;
- cotton gauze bandages.
Civilian gas mask GP-5
Designed
to protect people from
entry into the respiratory system,
radioactive on the eyes and face,
poisonous and emergency
chemically hazardous substances,
bacterial agents.
Civilian gas mask GP-7
Civilian gas mask GP-7
intended
to protect the respiratory organs, eyes and face of a person from toxic and radioactive substances in the form of vapors and aerosols, bacterial (biological) agents present in the air
Respirators
represent a lightweight means of protecting the respiratory system from harmful gases, vapors, aerosols and dust
types of respirators
1. respirators in which the half mask and filter element simultaneously serve as the front part;
2. respirators that purify the inhaled air in filter cartridges attached to the half mask.
1. anti-dust;
2. gas masks;
3.gas-dust-proof.
By purpose
A cotton-gauze bandage is made as follows:
1.take a piece of gauze 100x50 cm;
2. in the middle part of the piece on an area of 30x20 cm
lay an even layer of cotton wool thick
approximately 2 cm;
3. About the cotton-free ends of the gauze (about 30-35 cm)
on both sides cut in the middle with scissors,
forming two pairs of ties;
4. The ties are secured with stitches of thread (sewn).
5.If you have gauze, but no cotton wool, you can make
gauze bandage.
To do this, instead of cotton wool in the middle of the piece
lay 5-6 layers of gauze.
2. SKIN PROTECTION
According to their purpose, skin protection products are divided into
special (service)
henchmen
Medical personal protective equipment
intended to prevent the development of shock, radiation sickness, damage caused by organophosphorus substances, as well as infectious diseases
Individual first aid kit AI-2
1 . analgesic in
syringe tube,
2 radioprotective agent No. 1
3 organophosphorus substances radioprotective agent No. 2
4 antibacterial agent No. 1
5 antibacterial agent No. 2
6 antiemetic.
- The “Kyshtym accident” is a major radiation man-made accident that occurred on September 29, 1957 at the Mayak chemical plant, located in the closed city of Chelyabinsk-40. Now this city is called Ozersk. The accident is called Kyshtym due to the fact that the city of Ozyorsk was classified and was not on maps until 1990. Kyshtym is the closest city to it.
Slide 2
FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION: Is radiation beneficial or harmful?
PROBLEM QUESTIONS:
- NATURE OF RADIATION
- NATURAL SOURCES
- ARTIFICIAL SOURCES
- USES OF RADIATION FOR PEACEFUL PURPOSES
- NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF RADIATION
Slide 3
The nature of radiation
RADIOACTIVITY (from Latin radio - emit rays and activus - effective), the spontaneous transformation of unstable atomic nuclei into the nuclei of other elements, accompanied by the emission of particles or g-quanta. 4 types of radioactivity are known: alpha decay, beta decay, spontaneous fission of atomic nuclei, proton radioactivity (two-proton and two-neutron radioactivity have been predicted, but have not yet been observed). Radioactivity is characterized by an exponential decrease in the average number of nuclei over time. Radioactivity was first discovered by A. Becquerel in 1896.
Slide 4
A little information…
RADIOACTIVE WASTE, various materials and products, biological objects, etc., which contain radionuclides in high concentrations and are not subject to further use. The most radioactive waste - spent nuclear fuel - is kept in temporary storage facilities (usually with forced cooling) from several days to tens of years before reprocessing in order to reduce activity. Violation of storage conditions can have catastrophic consequences. Gaseous and liquid radioactive waste, purified from highly active impurities, is discharged into the atmosphere or water bodies. High-level liquid radioactive waste is stored in the form of salt concentrates in special tanks in the surface layers of the earth, above the groundwater level. Solid radioactive waste is cemented, bituminized, vitrified, etc. and buried in stainless steel containers: for tens of years - in trenches and other shallow engineering structures, for hundreds of years - in underground workings, salt layers, at the bottom of the oceans. There are still no reliable, absolutely safe methods of disposal for radioactive waste due to the corrosive destruction of containers.
Slide 5
Natural sources
The population, as already mentioned, receives the bulk of the radiation dose from natural sources. Most of them are simply impossible to avoid.
A person is exposed to two types of radiation: external and internal. Radiation doses vary greatly and depend mainly on where people live.
Terrestrial sources of radiation together account for more than 5/6 of the annual effective equivalent dose received by the population. In concrete numbers it looks something like this. Irradiation of terrestrial origin: internal - 1.325, external - 0.35 mSv/year; of cosmic origin: internal - 0.015, external - 0.3 mSv/year.
- External exposure
- Internal exposure
Slide 6
Artificial sources
Over the past decades, people have been intensively studying the problems of nuclear physics. He created hundreds of artificial radionuclides, learned to use the capabilities of the atom in a wide variety of industries - in medicine, in the production of electrical and thermal energy, in the manufacture of luminous watch dials, many instruments, in the search for minerals and in military affairs. All this, naturally, leads to additional exposure of people. In most cases, the doses are small, but sometimes man-made sources are many thousands of times more intense than natural ones.
- Appliances
- Uranium mines and processing plants
- Nuclear explosions
- Nuclear power
Slide 7
Radiation units
Units of physical quantities”, which provide for the mandatory use of the International SI System.
In table 1 shows some derived units used in the field of ionizing radiation and radiation safety. The relationships between systemic and non-systemic units of activity and radiation doses that were supposed to be withdrawn from use since January 1, 1990 (roentgen, rad, rem, curie) are also given. However, the need for significant costs, as well as economic difficulties in the country, did not allow a timely transition to SI units, although some household dosimeters are already calibrated in new measurements (bek-vrel, eivert
Slide 8
APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION
Medical procedures and treatment methods associated with the use of radioactivity make the main contribution to the dose received by humans from man-made sources. Radiation is used for both diagnosis and treatment. One of the most common devices is the X-ray machine. Radiation therapy is the main way to fight cancer. Of course, radiation in medicine is aimed at healing the patient. In developed countries, there are from 300 to 900 examinations per 1000 inhabitants
Other Applications
Slide 9
RADIATION is one of the damaging factors of nuclear weapons
Penetrating radiation is invisible radioactive radiation (similar to X-rays) spreading in all directions from the zone of a nuclear explosion. As a result of its exposure, people and animals can develop radiation sickness.
Slide 10
Low doses of ionizing radiation and health
According to some scientists, radioactive radiation in small doses not only does not harm the body, but has a beneficial stimulating effect on it. Adherents of this point of view believe that small doses of radiation, always present in the external environment of background radiation, played an important role in the development and improvement of life forms existing on Earth, including man himself.
Slide 11
METHODS OF PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION
A feature of radioactive contamination of an area is a relatively rapid decrease in the level of radiation (degree of contamination). It is generally accepted that the radiation level decreases by about 10 times 7 hours after the explosion, 100 times after 49 hours, etc.
For protection in hazardous areas, it is necessary to use protective structures - shelters, radiation shelters, basements, cellars. To protect the respiratory system, personal protective equipment is used - respirators, anti-dust fabric masks, cotton-gauze bandages, and when they are not available, a gas mask. The skin is covered with special rubberized suits, overalls, raincoats, and a little more detail
Slide 12
Conclusions:
Radiation is truly dangerous: in large doses it leads to damage to tissues and living cells; in small doses it causes cancer and promotes genetic changes.
However, it is not the sources of radiation that are most talked about that pose the danger. Radiation associated with the development of nuclear energy is only a small fraction; a person receives the largest dose from natural sources - from the use of X-rays in medicine, during an airplane flight, from coal burned in countless quantities by various boiler houses and thermal power plants, etc. .
Slide 13
CONTACT INFORMATION
429070, Chuvash Republic, Yadrino district, Yadrino village, secondary school.
Life safety and computer science teacher Savelyev A.V.
View all slides
1 slide
2 slide
Due to their low penetrating power, alpha and beta radiation usually do not pose a great danger when exposed to external radiation. Tight clothing can absorb a significant portion of beta particles and does not allow alpha particles to pass through at all. However, when ingested by the human body through food, water and air, or when the surface of the body is contaminated with radioactive substances, alpha and beta radiation can cause serious harm to humans. Alpha and beta radiation
3 slide
Fluxes of gamma quanta and neutrons are the most penetrating types of ionizing radiation, therefore, with external irradiation, they pose the greatest danger to humans. Gamma rays
4 slide
A universal measure of the effect of any type of radiation on a substance is the absorbed dose of radiation, equal to the ratio of the energy transferred by ionizing radiation to the substance to the mass of the substance: D=E/m Absorbed dose of ionizing radiation Individual device for measuring the absorbed dose
5 slide
The SI unit of absorbed dose is the gray (Gy). 1 Gy is equal to the absorbed dose of radiation at which an ionizing radiation energy of 1 J is transferred to an irradiated substance weighing 1 kg: 1 Gy = 1 J/1 kg = 1 J/kg An off-system unit is used: 1 rad = 0.01 Gy. The ratio of the absorbed dose of radiation to the time of irradiation is called the radiation dose rate: D=D/t Unit of absorbed dose rate in SI – gray per second (Gy/s) Unit of absorbed dose
6 slide
The physical effect of any ionizing radiation on matter is primarily associated with the ionization of atoms and molecules. A quantitative measure of the effect of ionizing radiation is the exposure dose, which characterizes the ionizing effect of radiation on air. An off-system unit of exposure dose is used - the X-ray (R): 1Р=2.58 10-4 C/kg When irradiating the soft tissues of the human body with X-ray or gamma radiation, the exposure dose 1Р corresponds to an absorbed dose of 8.8 mGy. Exposure dose
7 slide
The biological impact of different types of radiation on the organisms of animals and plants is not the same with the same radiation dose absorption. For example, an absorbed dose of 1 Gy of radiation from alpha particles has approximately the same biological effect on a living organism as an absorbed dose of 20 Gy of X-ray or gamma radiation. The difference in the biological effects of different types of radiation is characterized by the coefficient of relative biological effectiveness (RBE), or quality factor k. Relative biological effectiveness
8 slide
The absorbed dose D, multiplied by the quality factor k, characterizes the biological effect of the absorbed dose and is called the equivalent dose H: H=Dk The SI unit of equivalent dose is the sievert (Sv). 1Sv is equal to the equivalent dose at which the absorbed dose is 1 Gy and the quality factor is equal to unity. The off-system unit used is the biological equivalent of a roentgen: 1rem=0.01Sv Equivalent dose Clock measuring equivalent dose
Slide 9
The basis of the physical impact of nuclear radiation on living organisms is the ionization of atoms and molecules in cells. When a person is irradiated with a lethal dose of gamma radiation equal to 6 Gy, his body releases energy equal to approximately: E = mD = 70 kg 6 Gy = 420 J The mammal's body consists of approximately 75% water. At a dose of 6 Gy in 1 cm3 of tissue, approximately 1015 water molecules are ionized. Biological effects of ionizing radiation
10 slide
Acute injury is damage to a living organism caused by high doses of radiation and manifests itself within several hours or days after exposure. The first signs of general acute damage to the body of an adult are detected starting at approximately 0.5-1.0 Sv Acute damage
11 slide
A significant proportion of exposures caused by radiation in living cells are irreversible. The likelihood of cancer increases in proportion to the radiation dose. Equivalent exposure to 1 Sv on average leads to 2 cases of leukemia, 10 cases of thyroid cancer, 10 cases of breast cancer in women, 5 cases of lung cancer per 1000 exposed. Cancers of other organs caused by radiation occur much less frequently. Long-term effects of radiation
12 slide
The problem of the biological influence of ionizing radiation on living organisms and establishing the values of relatively safe radiation doses is closely related to the fact of the existence of a natural background of ionizing radiation on the Earth's surface. Radioactivity was not invented by scientists, but only discovered by them. Natural background irradiation
Slide 13
The essence of the matter is that anywhere on the surface of the Earth, underground, in water, in atmospheric air and in outer space, there is ionizing radiation of various types and of different origins. This radiation existed when there was no life on Earth, it exists now and will exist when the Sun goes out. Natural background irradiation
Slide 14
Under the conditions of the existence of a natural radiation background, life arose on Earth and went through the path of evolution to its present state. Therefore, we can say with confidence that radiation doses close to the natural background level do not pose any serious danger to living organisms. Natural background irradiation
15 slide
In addition to external radiation, every living organism is exposed to internal radiation. It is due to the fact that various chemical elements with natural radioactivity enter the body with food, water and air: carbon, potassium, uranium, thorium, radium, radon. The most significant contribution to the internal radiation dose in most places on Earth comes from radioactive radon and its decay products, which enter the human body through breathing. Radon is constantly formed in soil everywhere on Earth.
16 slide
Currently, all people on Earth are exposed to ionizing radiation, not only of natural but also of artificial origin. Artificial sources of radiation created by man include X-ray and therapeutic installations, various automatic monitoring and control equipment using radioactive isotopes, nuclear power and research reactors, charged particle accelerators and various high-voltage electric vacuum devices, waste from thermal and nuclear power plants, and products of nuclear explosions. Chernobyl nuclear power plant
18 slide
The maximum permissible dose (MAD) of radiation for persons professionally associated with the use of sources of ionizing radiation is 50 mSv per year. Sanitary standards establish the permissible level of one-time emergency exposure for the population – 0.1 Sv. An equivalent radiation dose of 5 mSv per year has been established as the maximum permissible dose for systematic exposure of the population, i.e. 0.1 traffic rules. Over the entire lifetime of a person (70 years), the permissible radiation dose for the population is 350 mSv = 0.35 Sv = 35 rem. Maximum permissible doses
Slide 19
Good luck in life. Take care of yourself and your loved ones! Let your life become more beautiful without RADIATION. The presentation was made by 8a grade student Ruslan Timofeev
Adverse events in the mountains. Avalanches. Mudflows destroy houses, mountain roads, demolish crops, and create dams. Mudflows. Mudflows can be mud, mud-stone and water-stone. As a result of thirty-degree heat and persistent melting of glaciers, powerful mudflows occurred. The risk of mudflows increases with warming. The approach of a mudflow can be determined by specific noise and rumble. The most common mudflows are mudflows.
“Smoking is harmful to health” - Christopher Columbus. Acetaldehyde. A genus of annual and perennial shrubs. Metabolisms. Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Lip cancer. Hydrocyanic acid. From the history. Skin cancer. Tobacco. Ministry of Health Against tobacco. Addiction. People in the world smoke. Methanol. Smoking tobacco. Lethal dose of nicotine. Radioactive elements. They smoke in Russia. Lungs' cancer. Tobacco came to Europe from America. Smoking is harmful to health. Nicotine.
“Shadow of Chernobyl” - Monument to the liquidators of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Disadvantages of the reactor. Liquidators. Hiding facts. Memoirs of eyewitnesses. Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov. Monument to participants in the liquidation. The Chernobyl accident. Tragic morning. Vladimir Grigorievich Asmolov. Memorial. Advice. Explosion. The memory of the heroes is alive. An approach to interpreting facts. Cloud of radiation. Monument to heroes. Chernobyl accident. 134 people suffered radiation sickness.
“Rules of conduct in case of radiation accidents” - Turn on the radio. Making a cotton-gauze bandage. Rural population. Carry out iodine prophylaxis. Driving through radioactively contaminated areas. Protect food. Rules for safe behavior. Protection of the population from radioactive fallout. Protect your respiratory system immediately. Wait for information from the civil defense authorities. Actions upon notification of an accident at the ROO. Actions of the population upon notification.
"Rocket and Space Technology" - Expanding Russia's presence in the global space market. Guidelines for the development of RCT in Russia. The sphere of applied use of space technologies. Modernization of ground-based space infrastructure. Creation of space complexes. Development of an orbital constellation of spacecraft. Organizational and structural transformations. Studying literature on the research topic. Directions for the development of rocket and space technology.
“Consequences of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant” - The dangers of nuclear energy. Chronicle of facts and events. How to act in the event of a radiation accident. Disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus were affected. The world's worst accident. Peaceful atom. Radioactive substances. Consequences of Chernobyl. The danger comes from radioactive cesium and strontium. Total release of radioactive substances.
