Job search options and personnel selection procedures: A manual for young disabled people, graduates of secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. What is employment? its types: The right of citizens to employment, i.e.

The economy of the Russian Federation is increasingly taking on a market character, which also has an impact on the social sphere. In the harsh conditions of a planned economy, it was not possible for specific forms of labor relations to develop. Market reforms corrected this situation, allowing for the emergence of new forms and types of employment. Thanks to this, the employment market has become more optimized. The public sector is quite popular among the population. Private, although it occupies a certain niche in the market, is not to the extent that it suppresses the public one. This material will describe the concept and types of employment.

What is included in the concept of employment?

Many definitions describe the concept of “rational employment”. Species are completely different definitions. But in a broad sense, the essence lies in a set of specific activities that are of a different nature. These are activities related to organization, finance and law. All of them are aimed at providing the residents of the state with work.

All types of employment in Russia are only forms of activity permitted by law. This also includes types that are characterized by individual provision. This is, for example, private enterprise or farming. Also, types of employment are forms of activity that can be carried out thanks to an existing license from government agencies or private organizations.

What does the concept of employment mean?

Employment is a human activity, the purpose of which is to satisfy personal needs (mainly material), that is, to generate income. These actions must comply with government regulations. According to Russian legislation, every citizen has the right to dispose of labor resources and creative potential at his own discretion. It is the fulfillment of such requirements that is necessary in order to characterize rational employment. Types of employment, regardless of their characteristics, do not imply any coercive measures. The Constitution of the Russian Federation states that the implementation of the right to work should be initiated only by the person himself and carried out by him in a free form.

Employed segments of the population

The concept of employment and employment (their types) cannot be complete without describing the circle of persons who are the subjects of such relations. The subjects of labor relations are citizens who apply for work, as well as employers.

All types of employment are targeted actions in relation to any subject. An employed person is a person who is a citizen of the Russian Federation, who works thanks to the conclusion of an agreement establishing an employment relationship. The list of such persons is quite extensive and includes the following categories:

1. People who perform a specific set of actions that have a paid basis. The employee is paid remuneration for the work done, which he carries out as part of a full-time or short-time working day. This includes both permanent service and temporary, seasonal types of employment.
2. Persons who have the status of private entrepreneurs and are engaged in commercial activities.
3. Ancillary workers whose main source of income is the sale of goods in accordance with the conclusion of supply contracts.
4. Persons who have entered into contracts that have a civil legal basis. They are compiled regarding the performance of work or provision of services. The parties to the agreement may be individual entrepreneurs.
5. People who have received a position or assignment for which compensation is due.
6. Persons involved in law enforcement agencies, such as the fire service, internal affairs agencies, and criminal authorities.
7. People in military or alternative civil service.
8. Students and students of general education institutions, primary, secondary and higher professional institutions.
9. Persons who, for certain reasons, cannot carry out their usual work activities. Among such factors are inability to work, completion of advanced training courses, vacation, sick leave, retraining, temporary suspension of the institution, preparation for service in the armed forces, and more.
10. People who are founders of organizations. An exception to this clause are religious, public and charitable organizations, because there are no property rights in relation to such created structures.

How is employment carried out?

All types of employment in Russia have a common essence, which is the order of successive steps that should ultimately lead to obtaining a job. In a narrower sense, this definition means the assistance of government agencies to its citizens in the form of providing vacancies. This includes not only assistance in finding appropriate work, but also retraining, retraining, and transfer. That is, these are those actions that are aimed at a person realizing his right to free work. But at the same time, the law does not prohibit a person from carrying out actions to find a job on an individual basis. It follows from this that the types of employment for work according to such a classification criterion as the method of implementation are as follows:

• independent;
• through government agencies.

This process plays an important role in public and social life as it helps a person to exercise his right to get a job. On the part of employers, this is a plus in terms of selecting qualified workers or the necessary strength. Another advantage of employment is a good efficiency factor, that is, a person makes the most of his working time without wasting time searching for a vacancy.

How is this process carried out with the help of government agencies?

This process can be carried out with the help of special bodies. These mainly include institutions such as employment services. This method of performing this action is called special. Its distinctive feature is that, unlike the independent option, it characterizes only types of official employment.

Although labor is considered, according to the legislation in the Russian Federation, to be free, strict measures can characterize the implementation of this process with the help of state influence. For example, this may include recruitment, which is carried out in an organized manner, and the direction of persons to objects. This was more popular during the period of active development of the planned economy and is practically absent in this period of time. This was used to make this area more rational and provide human resources to those regions where they are sorely lacking.

Also, special employment refers to the placement of students who have graduated from vocational educational institutions. This is done through the conclusion of appropriate types of agreements with enterprises and institutions, which imply the hiring of young employees.

Another advantage of carrying out this process with the help of government agencies is that they have the right to subject jobs to quotas. This allows special segments of the population to find employment.

What categories of citizens are entitled to preferential jobs?

Some segments of the population have the right to social protection in the form of assistance in realizing the right to work. The list of such people includes the following categories:

• those who have disabilities;
• those who have been in prison;
• those who have not reached eighteen years of age;
• those who have two years left to work before retirement;
• migrants and refugees;
• single mothers and those with many children;
• parents raising a child with a disability;
• those who are looking for a job for the first time;
• those who graduated from specialized educational institutions.

How is this process of employing disabled people carried out?

Types of employment of disabled people are very important in the social sphere, since these people constitute a special category of employed people. Quotas apply to vacancies that can allow people with disabilities to work. These individuals cannot be one hundred percent active in society. It is the search for work that helps disabled people regain their place in society, recover morally and become full-fledged members of society. Thanks to this process, a person can again feel needed and important, and feel that he is benefiting other people.

Quotas are an officially established requirement that applies to all private entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs must allocate a certain proportion of vacancies for people with disabilities. However, the percentage established by law in Russia is quite low.

How is this process carried out for minors?

Types of employment of minors occupy their own niche in the employment market. This process is carried out regarding this category of citizens according to specific rules. In most countries of the world, for persons under eighteen years of age, the possibility of obtaining a job is regulated separately by law.

According to Russian regulations, the opportunity to enter into an agreement with employers appears upon reaching the age of sixteen. But the exception is fifteen-year-old teenagers who have received a secondary school education or are studying under an individual program. They are allowed to perform simple tasks that do not have a negative impact on health and do not interfere with development and functioning. A younger age category can be involved in the work process only as part-time employment. Work should allow the teenager to continue his education. But this age category is allowed to do this only with consent from parents or guardians.

That is, persons who have not reached the age of majority can be involved in any type of work, with the exception of gambling-type establishments and nightclubs. They are prohibited from dealing with cigarettes, alcohol and psychotropic substances. They should not be engaged in work that could potentially harm their health. That is, the transfer of heavy loads is limited to a certain weight.

All types of employment involving minors are accompanied by a medical commission, which must issue its conclusion.

Teenagers cannot be employed at work on holidays and at night. Working beyond the norm is also prohibited for this category. It is not allowed to send them on a business trip.

For such employees, a shortened working week is established. For persons under sixteen years of age, this number is twenty-four hours. For teenagers from sixteen to eighteen years old, this time is thirty-five hours a week.

Minor workers have additional guarantees. That is, an employer cannot voluntarily fire a teenager. This can only be done with the help of the state labor inspectorate.

An employer who hires a minor must understand that he is obliged to provide annual leave. It must be at least one month. And he is entitled to financial compensation.

Remuneration for work done for teenagers is calculated based on hours worked.

How is this process carried out without a work book?

Types of employment without a work book are a very real option in the Russian Federation. This option is within the law. However, a work book is a document that confirms that a person was involved in the work process. It contains complete information about the person, which is necessary for the further implementation of such activities. That is, this is information about education, specialty acquired, dates of employment and name of the organization. The document indicates the position and reasons for dismissal.

The work book confirms the fact of employment. But there are quite possible options when providing this document is not necessary. This is quite possible, but at the same time it requires the execution of another document, which is a civil contract. The second way is to work part-time. That is, one main job is issued in accordance with the work book, and the second - according to a special agreement.

The last option for a device without this document is all types of hired employment. That is, this is labor provided by agreement with an individual. If this is done legally, then an agreement must be drawn up between the employer and the employee. At the same time, the one who pays for the provision of the service must also make contributions to organizations such as the Pension Fund and the Social Insurance Fund.

But most often, institutions that do not make entries in the work book are thus trying to hide from the law. This is mainly due to concealment of the current financial situation, that is, non-payment of contributions.

Those who agree to work under such conditions most often face problems such as lack of vacation, sick leave and maternity pay. And you can’t be one hundred percent sure of the stability of such work.

An important point is that the contract, which is concluded instead of being recorded in the work book, is of a civil nature, and not of a labor nature. The parties to it are the customer and the contractor. There are several types of such agreements:

• author's;
• agent;
• for contract work.

All of the above types have common features. For example, they must be in duplicate, specify the details of the parties, deadlines for completion and the amount of remuneration.

What types of employment are there?

Types of employment in the Russian Federation are represented by four main categories. The most common job is one that has a permanent basis. It is she who brings a stable income. It is preferred because this type provides certain social guarantees. A person is protected, both socially and legally. In the event of job loss or unemployment, such a person may qualify for benefits. A certain percentage of the salary goes to the Pension Fund, which provides financial support in old age. Another advantage of this type of employment is the possibility of obtaining a loan.

The second type is part-time work. Most often this is a part-time job that brings in a small income. Such employment is common among students.

The third type is work under a contract. The amount stated in it is fixed and no deductions are made from it. In this case, taxes must be paid independently.

Types of employment do not necessarily provide financial compensation. An example of this is volunteering. Although it does not provide any financial benefits, its advantage is the acquisition of useful skills and connections.

At the moment, several more types of employment can be distinguished. These include freelancing and remote work via the Internet. Professionals in many industries can provide their services to employers from all over the world.

Employment problems

Employment as a law school

Youth employment; disabled people

- Labor disputes

Concept employment

• Concept employment differs in broad and narrow meanings.

Employment is a system of organizational, economic and legal measures aimed at ensuring employment of the population. In the broad sense, employment unites all forms of labor activity that do not contradict the law, including self-employment, including self-employment, entrepreneurship, and farming.

• In the narrow sense of employment understand such forms of labor activity that are established with the assistance of state bodies or non-governmental organizations on the basis of licensing.

• 1.Work on a permanent basis (full-time). First of all, it should be noted that this type of employment is distinguished by its reliability, and this applies not only to social protection, but also to work itself in general.

• 2. Work under a contract

• When working under a contract, the employer does not make any deductions from your earnings - its amount is specified in advance in the contract that was drawn up when you were hired, and you ultimately receive a set amount without deductions.

• 3. Part-time work (part-time employment) This is a seasonal part-time job. It is considered low-paid and can be used as a part-time job. Most often, waiters, maids or agricultural workers find themselves in this status.

• 4. Volunteering

Many people believe that volunteering cannot be called work, because it does not provide for receiving wages - this is the so-called work on a voluntary basis. However, there are cases when an immigrant joined a volunteer organization, met people, gained useful experience, after which he got a job in a large company and worked there until retirement, ensuring a comfortable existence for himself.

• -The main problem of employment The point is that most applicants simply don’t get to the point of real communication with the person who makes the hiring decision.

• -Lack of higher education among graduates - we can’t live without it now.

• -Overabundance of certain specialties

In accordance with Art. 37 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, labor is free, and forced labor is prohibited. Every citizen has the right to freely use his ability to work, choose his type of activity and profession. In order to realize the right of citizens to work, the state is making efforts to find them employment, the legal regulation of which is designed to ensure employment of the population in our country.

• General issues of employment and employment are regulated by the Law of the Russian Federation of April 19, 1991. “On employment in the Russian Federation.”

• The concepts of “employment” and “employment” are inextricably linked as a goal and a means of achieving it, and each of them is considered in two semantic meanings: broad and narrow.

• Employment in a broad sense, this is the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs that do not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation, and which, as a rule, brings them earnings and other labor income.

• In a narrow sense employment is a labor activity that brings regular earnings and other income for any reason, the period of which is included in the length of service that gives the right to state social insurance (providing benefits, pensions and benefits for working citizens).

Full employment

• Full employment- this is the provision by society of the entire able-bodied population of the opportunity to engage in socially useful work, on the basis of which individual (within the family) and collective (with the participation of firms, companies and the state) reproduction of the labor force and satisfaction of the entire set of needs is carried out.

Rational employment- employment that takes place in society, taking into account the expediency of redistribution and use of labor resources, from the gender, age and educational structure. This type of employment is not always effective, since it is carried out with the aim of improving the gender and age structure of employment and attracting the working population of certain backward regions to work.

• Effective employment- this is employment that is carried out in accordance with the requirements of an intensive type of reproduction, criteria of economic feasibility and social performance, and is aimed at reducing manual, non-prestigious and heavy and physical labor.

• Citizens who:

• a) are able to work

• b) have no job or income

• c) registered with the employment service

• d) ready to start work.

• Citizens cannot be recognized as unemployed:

• - those under 16 years of age, as well as citizens who have been granted a pension;

• - refused two options for suitable work within 10 days from the date of contacting the employment service.

• A citizen cannot be offered the same job twice.

• The main sign of a suitable job is its compliance with the employee’s professional suitability, taking into account the level of professional training, previous work, health status, and transport accessibility of the workplace.

• The right of citizens to employment, i.e. the right to choose a place of work can be exercised either by direct contact with employers or through the free mediation of the employment service.

• It is in the second sense that the right to employment acquires the character of a subjective right, constituting the legal status of the unemployed. Registration of the unemployed is carried out at the employment service authorities at the place of permanent residence upon presentation of a passport and work book.

• As for the responsibilities of the unemployed, they mainly boil down to regular re-registration with the employment service (at least twice a month) and the inadmissibility of refusing offers of suitable work. Therefore, the payment of unemployment benefits is made dependent on the fulfillment of these basic responsibilities.

In the “Main Directions of State Youth Policy in the Russian Federation”, approved by Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation No., which are officially in force to this day, the provision of guarantees in the field of labor and youth employment is described in more detail. It includes ensuring conditions for achieving economic independence and realizing the right of young people to work. The following measures and means are indicated:

• - taking into account the specifics of the youth workforce in the implementation of state youth policy, including the interests of the least protected groups of youth when determining measures of social support during periods of temporary unemployment;

• - the use of economic incentives, including tax benefits, that increase the interest of enterprises in providing services for employment and hiring of young people, vocational training, advanced training and retraining of young workers;

• - establishing quotas for hiring young people from socially disadvantaged categories and establishing the responsibility of employers in case of failure to fulfill quota obligations;

• - implementation of measures to facilitate the transition from study to work, including through the creation of specialized employment services, vocational guidance, training and retraining, and the organization of public works.

A disabled person has the right to:

• A disabled person has the right to:

• - employment without a probationary period (if assigned to work by MSEC);

• - part-time or working week (set at the request of the disabled person);

• - refusal to work at night and overtime;

• - provision of annual leave at a time convenient for him;

• - basic leave with a minimum duration of 30 (for disabled people of groups I and II) and 26 calendar days (for disabled people of group III);

• - unpaid leave lasting 60 (for disabled people of groups I and II) and 30 calendar days (for disabled people of group III);

• - termination of a fixed-term employment contract (if the health condition of a disabled person begins to interfere with the performance of work duties).

• Every disabled person must have documents confirming his status, namely:

• - certificate of assignment of a disability group;

• - individual rehabilitation program.

A disabled person must present these documents to the employer upon employment, since they are the basis for providing appropriate benefits to a newly hired employee. In this case, the disabled person is obliged to periodically confirm the disability group assigned to him. Moreover, this requirement does not apply to persons to whom a disability group has been assigned without specifying the period for re-examination. Depending on the degree of dysfunction of the body's functions, confirmation of disability occurs every 1-3 years through appropriate medical examinations (the result is confirmed by a certificate from the MSEC).

• A profession is a type of work activity that requires certain training and is usually a source of livelihood. In modern society, a profession is understood as a person’s occupation that:

• requires special training and education

• practiced by a person regularly

• serves as a source of livelihood

Work and everything connected with it takes up, on average, about half of a person’s life. Finding yourself in the world of professions means getting the opportunity to earn a decent living, feel needed by people, reveal your abilities to the fullest, and earn honor and respect. There is a direct correlation between how satisfied people are in their profession and how happy they perceive their lives to be. On the one hand, choosing a profession is always a look into the future.

• Labor disputes are conflict situations that arise between employees and employers.

• Labor disputes in an organization can arise at any stage of the labor relationship:

• when signing an employment contract,

• upon termination of the employment relationship and in the process of work itself.

• Reasons for labor disputes:

• unlawful actions and abuse of power by the manager in relation to his employees,

• non-compliance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

• The result is a violation of the rights of employed citizens.

• When paying wages, the employer is obliged to notify each employee in writing about the components of the wages due to him for the relevant period, the amounts and grounds for deductions made, as well as the total amount of money to be paid.

• The form of the pay slip is approved by the employer, taking into account the opinion of the representative body of employees in the manner established by Article 372 of this Code for the adoption of local regulations.

• Wages are paid to the employee, as a rule, at the place where he performs the work or transferred to the bank account specified by the employee under the conditions determined by the collective agreement or employment contract.

• The place and timing of payment of wages in non-monetary form are determined by a collective agreement or employment contract.

• Wages are paid directly to the employee, except in cases where another method of payment is provided for by federal law or an employment contract.

• Wages are paid at least every half month on the day established by the internal labor regulations, collective agreement, or employment contract.

• For certain categories of employees, federal law may establish other terms for payment of wages.

• If the payment day coincides with a weekend or non-working holiday, wages are paid on the eve of this day.

• Payment for vacation is made no later than three days before it starts.

• Financial liability in the full amount of damage caused is assigned to the employee in the following cases:

• 1) when, in accordance with this Code or other federal laws, the employee is held financially liable in full for damage caused to the employer during the performance of the employee’s job duties;

• 2) shortage of valuables entrusted to him on the basis of a special written agreement or received by him under a one-time document;

• 3) intentional infliction of damage;

• 4) causing damage while under the influence of alcohol, drugs or other toxic substances;

• 5) damage caused as a result of the employee’s criminal actions established by a court verdict;

• 6) damage caused as a result of an administrative violation, if established by the relevant government body;

• 7) disclosure of information constituting a secret protected by law (state, official, commercial or other), in cases provided for by federal laws

The grounds for termination of an employment contract are: 1) agreement of the parties (Article 78 of this Code); 2) expiration of the employment contract (Article 79 of this Code), except for cases where the employment relationship actually continues and neither party has demanded its termination; 3) termination of an employment contract at the initiative of the employee (Article 80 of this Code); 4) termination of an employment contract at the initiative of the employer (Articles 71 and 81 of this Code); 5) transfer of an employee, at his request or with his consent, to work for another employer or transfer to an elective job (position); 6) the employee’s refusal to continue working in connection with a change in the owner of the organization’s property, a change in the jurisdiction (subordination) of the organization or its reorganization (Article 75 of this Code); 7) the employee’s refusal to continue working due to a change in the terms of the employment contract determined by the parties (part four of Article 74 of this Code);

Last update: 02/23/2015

So, you have decided to major in psychology. What exactly do you plan to do after graduation? Due to the economic downturn, competition has increased dramatically. To take a strong position in today's job market, you must carefully consider your options and choose the field that is in greatest demand.
According to statistics, the demand for psychologists is growing faster than for non-specialists in other industries. Below are just some of the promising areas of work.

1. Career guidance consultant

Average salary in the US: $46,000

Thanks to changing labor market conditions, many people are looking for a new job - in their field or completely different. help people make career decisions using a variety of tools.

They often begin by examining the client's interests, education, professional skills and personality traits to determine the best match. They also help clients develop skills useful for employment - they mock interviews, suggest how to correctly write a resume, and what to look for when searching for vacancies. They also help clients overcome the stress associated with job loss.

2. School psychologist

Average salary in the US: $59,440

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