Cholinergic system
x cholinergic system. This system consists of neurons that release acetylcholine, its neurotransmitter. Cholinergic neurons are quite widely represented in the brain, but its central areas are the cortex (frontal, parietal, temporal), hippocampus, caudate and Meynert's nucleus (basal nucleus of Meynert), the functions of which are related to cognitive processes, including memory.
The functioning of the cholinergic system is determined by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors - Ml and M2, which differ in secondary intracellular processes (secondary messenger systems). The latter makes them similar to histamine receptors.
Target: understand the concept, characteristics of industries, prerequisites for their emergence, stages of formation and classification; study the production and non-production spheres of the national economy, its sectoral structure, as well as the structure of industries in the production and non-production spheres.
National economy is a functional and territorial production system, including intersectoral and sectoral links, regions, complexes, organizations and enterprises.
In the sectoral structure of the country’s national economy, two large groups of industries are distinguished:
1. Industries in the sphere of material production.
2. Branches of the socio-cultural sphere.
The first group includes the following industries:
· industry;
· Agriculture;
· construction;
· transport;
· trade and public catering, logistics and sales, procurement.
The second group includes the following industries:
· housing and communal services and non-productive types of consumer services for the population;
· healthcare, physical education and social security;
· education;
· Culture and art;
· finance, loans, insurance;
· management;
· public associations.
It must be taken into account that although trade and transport traditionally belong to the sphere of material production, their final product is not a material good, but a service. At the same time, these industries have much in common with other branches of material production, and therefore can be considered in the context of both spheres. It is important to note that currently the concept of social production includes not only the process of creating material goods, but also services (the term “production of services” is found). Thus, social production is the process of creating material goods and providing services by sectors of the national economy. In a narrower sense, production (not social) is the process of producing goods necessary for the consumer using labor and means of production.
Of great importance for the development of the national economy is its sectoral structure, which is understood as the relationships and proportions between industries, inter-industry complexes, and areas of activity.
Industry is a set of organizations, enterprises and industries that are characterized by the following characteristics:
· similarity in the purpose of the products produced;
· homogeneity of consumed materials;
· common technical base and technological processes;
· special professional composition of personnel;
· specific working conditions.
Industries can be united into inter-industry complexes. An inter-industry complex is a complex inter-industry system, characterized by a high level of integration between elements along the flow of produced goods and information, and is highly cost-effective and resistant to the influence of external factors.
The leading sector in the sphere of material production is industry. Industry as a branch of the national economy, in turn, consists of a number of interrelated sectors.
Question No. 3 Industry as the leading sector of the national
economy of the Republic of Belarus
Target: study the sectoral structure of industry of the Republic of Belarus, priority directions for industrial development; characterize the features of other sectors of the production sector (construction, agriculture, transport, communications).
Industry occupies a leading place in the national economy of the country, and this is facilitated by the following factors:
· industry produces tools that are used in other sectors of material production and the socio-cultural sphere;
· creates a significant share of GDP and national income;
· a significant number of the active population is employed in industry;
· industry determines the level of competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets, contributes to the innovative development of the country's economy;
· the state of the environment depends on the technologies used by industry;
· the social sphere, working conditions and quality of life of the population depend on the level of industrial development;
· national security and defense capability of the country is determined by the level of industrial development.
Thus, industry determines the economic, scientific, technical and socio-economic development of the country.
The economic efficiency of industry largely depends on its sectoral structure.
Industry structure- this is the composition of industries, their quantitative ratio, based on mutual production connections and characterized by the share of individual industries and complexes in the total volume of industrial production.
Industry includes the following sectors:
· electric power industry;
· fuel;
· ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy;
· chemistry and petrochemistry;
· mechanical engineering and metalworking;
· forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries;
· building materials industry;
· light;
· food, etc.
The structure of industry is dynamic and depends on many factors, among which are the following:
· level of activation of innovation activity and development of scientific and technological progress;
· economic policy of the state;
· consumption structure of society;
· availability in the country of natural resources necessary for the development of industries;
· traditionally established specialization and development of integration processes.
To quantify the sectoral structure of industry and its dynamics, the following indicators are used:
1. The share of individual industries in the total volume of industrial production and its change over time.
2. The share of progressive industries (electric power, mechanical engineering, chemical industry) in the total volume of industrial production and its dynamics.
3. Lead coefficient (the ratio of the growth rate or production index of a particular industry to the growth rate or production index of the entire industry).
4. The ratio of mining and manufacturing industries.
Based on the magnitude of these indicators, it is possible to assess the state of industrial sectors and determine the main tasks and directions of their development.
Question No. 4 Organization (enterprise), its functions, structure,
goal and tasks
Target: understand the concepts of “enterprise”, “organization”, “firm”; determine the purpose and objectives of the creation and functioning of an industrial organization.
Organization (company) is an independent economic entity created in accordance with current legislation to produce products, perform work and services in order to meet the needs of specific consumers, as well as to ensure the functioning of the organization (enterprise) itself and its employees.
An organization can also be considered:
· as a property complex used for business activities;
· as an independent economic entity created to produce products, perform work or provide services, which is a legal entity;
· as a separate specialized unit that uses means of production and labor to obtain products of the appropriate profile and range required by consumers.
In a market economy, the goal of an operating commercial organization is to maximize profits. To achieve this goal the following is required:
· maximizing production volume;
· ensuring the competitiveness of products;
· stability and stability of functioning;
· maintaining market positions;
· ensuring high production efficiency.
For a non-profit organization, the most important goal is to satisfy public needs, which, in principle, also does not exclude making a profit. However, it should be remembered that achieving the maximum possible profit for a commercial organization is impossible if it does not take into account social needs. Therefore, goals such as profit maximization and meeting social needs should be considered in close connection.
Each organization must have the following types of unity:
· production and technical;
· organizational;
· economic.
The basis for the formation of an enterprise is manufacturing process. It is a system of actions for converting raw materials into finished products. The production process includes the following private processes:
1. Basic production processes, where objects of labor are transformed into finished products.
2. Auxiliary and servicing processes that create conditions for the normal execution of the main process.
3. Management processes that organize, direct and coordinate the progress of production.
Each group of private production processes is organized into the corresponding divisions (shops and farms), which form industrial organization structure.
There are production and general structures of the organization.
The production structure includes the following:
· main production (workshop);
· auxiliary production (workshop);
· service farms;
· management bodies of the organization.
The divisions of the production structure and the organization for servicing the collective of employees of the enterprise (housing office, libraries, clubs, sports organizations on the balance sheet of the enterprise) together form the general structure of the industrial organization.
The production structure reflects the following:
· size of the enterprise;
· number and composition of workshops and services;
· number and layout of areas in workshops;
· the nature of the division of labor between workshops and their cooperative connections in the production process.
The primary link in an industrial organization is the workplace. The set of workplaces at which technologically homogeneous work is performed forms a production site. In large and medium-sized organizations, areas are combined into workshops. In small organizations with a relatively simple technological process, a shopless structure is used, the main link of which is the production site. The main workshops at all enterprises are different, auxiliary goals are usually the same.
Question No. 5 Classification of industrial organizations
(enterprises)
Target: consider the classification of industrial organizations (enterprises) according to various criteria; study the organizational and legal forms of enterprises and organizations.
Organizations are classified according to the following main characteristics:
1. By industry:
· industrial;
· agricultural;
· transport, etc.
2. By type of ownership:
· state;
· private.
3. By organizational and legal forms:
· partnership enterprises;
· enterprises-societies;
· unitary enterprises;
· production cooperatives, etc.
4. According to the objectives of the activity:
· commercial;
· non-profit.
5. By type of activity:
· material production enterprises;
· service sector enterprises.
6. By the number of types of products produced:
· universal (multidisciplinary);
· specialized;
highly specialized.
7. By degree of concentration:
· large;
· average;
8. By the nature of the impact on the subject of work:
· mining;
· processing.
9. According to the economic purpose of the product:
· producing means of production;
· producing consumer goods.
10. If possible, year-round work:
· seasonal;
· non-seasonal.
11. By the nature of the product, i.e. producing:
· work;
· service.
12. According to the dominant factor in the cost of production:
· material-intensive;
· labor-intensive;
· energy-intensive;
· capital-intensive, etc.
13. Regarding the participation of foreign capital:
· joint;
· foreign.
Each classification has a certain practical significance. There are other criteria by which organizations are classified.
Question No. 6 Economic environment for the functioning of industrial
organizations (enterprises)
Target: understand the economic environment of the functioning of an industrial organization (enterprise), its essence, factors, subjects, properties, indicators, dynamism; study the problems of state regulation of production and economic activities of an industrial organization (enterprise).
The quality of an organization's functioning depends on its internal and external environment.
The external environment of an organization is determined by all those economic entities with which it is connected: suppliers, consumers, business partners, competitors, state and local governments, public organizations, as well as parts of the market infrastructure (exchange).
The organization's relationship with the external environment is dynamic and determined by its vertical and horizontal connections. Vertical The organization’s connections are those determined by law, i.e., mandatory (with all governing bodies). Horizontal communications are the connections of an enterprise with suppliers and customers, business partners and competitors.
In external environment There are macrolevel (macroenvironment) and microlevel (microenvironment). At each of these levels, the organization is influenced by its own specific factors.
At the macro level, the following factors have a significant impact:
· natural;
· environmental;
· socio-demographic;
· political.
At the micro level, the organization is influenced by:
· market conditions;
· form and closeness of partnerships;
· relations with suppliers and consumers;
· degree of development of market infrastructure.
All environmental factors can be divided into factors of direct and indirect impact.
Direct impact factors include:
· state;
· suppliers;
· labor market;
· legal space;
· consumers;
· competitors;
· public structures (trade unions).
Indirect impact factors can be broadly grouped into the following four groups:
1. Situational (reflect the economic situation in the country and the world, interstate relations).
2. Innovative (form the potential of the enterprise for its successful development).
3. Socio-cultural (include a complex of life values, traditions, and customs of the country).
4. Political (reflect the policies of the administrative bodies of the state).
The main elements of the external environment are:
· economic environment (interest rates, taxes);
· political situation;
· legal environment;
· technological environment;
· socio-cultural environment;
· natural and climatic environment;
· geographical environment;
· demographic situation.
The external environment has a strong influence on the enterprise, which, in turn, can influence the external environment only indirectly.
Internal environment An enterprise is a set of relationships between its divisions, i.e. workshops, sections, services.
The elements of the internal environment of the organization are the following:
· organizational structure;
· structure of functional responsibilities;
· structure of exchange of services;
· information structure;
· structure of labor resources;
· organizational culture, i.e. the totality of relationships between members of the work team.
To achieve the main goal, the internal environment of the organization must be adaptive. The level of adaptability can be judged by indirect indicators, which include:
· time from the moment of increase in prices for raw materials and materials until the moment of increase in prices for products manufactured by the organization;
· time to develop new products or technologies compared to main competitors;
· time for preparing documents necessary to assess the creditworthiness and solvency of the enterprise.
External and internal environmental factors are interconnected. Taking into account their influence on the activities of the organization (enterprise) requires its high adaptability, which is necessary to ensure competitiveness.
See also:
Chapter 2. FINANCE, FINANCIAL POLICY AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM. 2.1. Socio-economic essence of finance.
In relation to public financial management, financial planning is the activity of balancing and proportionality of financial resources.
3.Financial management. ... In order to manage the finances of enterprises, a financial mechanism is used.
In accordance with the classification of financial relations by their spheres, such groups of objects are distinguished as finances of organizations (enterprises,
Chapter 4. FINANCES OF ENTERPRISES OF VARIOUS FORMS OF OWNERSHIP. 4.1. Enterprise finance as a link in the financial system of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with the classification of financial relations by their spheres, such groups of objects are distinguished as the finances of organizations (enterprises, ... www..htm.
In accordance with the classification of financial relations by their spheres, such groups of objects are distinguished as the finances of organizations (enterprises, ... www..htm.
In accordance with the classification of financial relations by their spheres, such groups of objects are distinguished as finances of organizations (enterprises, institutions), ... www..htm.
In accordance with the classification of financial relations by their spheres, such groups of objects are distinguished as the finances of organizations (enterprises, institutions), ...
In accordance with the classification of financial relations by their spheres, such groups of objects are distinguished as the finances of organizations (enterprises, ...
The Government of the Russian Federation ensures the implementation of a unified financial and monetary policy in the Russian Federation. The Government of the Russian Federation is the most important element in the strategic management of state finances.
Chapter 3. PUBLIC FINANCE. 3.1. Contents of public finances. Public finances form part of a country's financial system.
Finance plays a vital role in many human activities, including banking, investment analysis, and financial management.
In accordance with the classification of financial relations by their spheres, such groups of objects are distinguished as finances of organizations (enterprises, institutions), ... www..htm.
An element of general infrastructure that is not directly connected to the production process. This includes higher and school education, personnel training, health care issues, and so on.
Non-productive (social) infrastructure- a group of institutions (enterprises, facilities, buildings) that provide the livelihoods of the population and normal conditions for the production of a citizen. Non-productive infrastructure makes it possible to form an intellectually and physically developed society in which each individual will be active and capable of performing various tasks.
Non-production infrastructure- a set of activities and economic sectors that help cover social and personal needs of a person through the provision of certain services.
The essence and structure of non-productive infrastructure
The main feature of the allocation of non-production infrastructure to a separate branch means that:
Infrastructure creates general and optimal conditions for social reproduction;
- has a complex structure, which has its own objects, links and parts.
Each non-production (social) infrastructure object was built with the aim of creating optimal conditions to meet the specific needs of the population, society as a whole and production processes.
Non-production infrastructure can be divided into two parts:
- social and household. Its goal is to create optimal conditions for the reproduction of every person (citizen) from the position of a biological being, that is, through the everyday environment. This may include elements such as trade, catering, consumer services, housing and communal services, and so on;
- socio-cultural. Here the main emphasis is on the development of the intellectual and spiritual properties of the individual, strengthening his physical fitness, as well as the formation of the necessary level of activity that meets the needs of society as a whole. In this sector, the main attention is given to such branches as education, art and culture, sports, places of worship, and so on.
In terms of its role as an economic category, non-productive infrastructure is a reflection of production relations related to the creation of optimal conditions for life and economic development of the country as a whole. That is, the main goal is social reproduction.
Efficiency of non-production infrastructure when creating such conditions, it largely depends on the existing potential in the economy, which is determined by the current state, the availability of appropriate resources, and so on.
Basic elements of social infrastructure - a set of key assets, which include structures, buildings and communications, as well as their technical equipment. The total cost of fixed assets of non-productive infrastructure, as a rule, is about 30-40% of the assets of the economy of the country as a whole or of an enterprise (if we are talking about the non-productive infrastructure of a particular company).
All objects differ in approach, which allows us to divide non-production infrastructure into three main blocks :
Infrastructure related to intellectual, political, social and cultural activities. This includes various public organizations, associations, educational and cultural facilities, work in the media, and so on;
Infrastructure aimed at strengthening, preserving and restoring the physical component of society (its health) - security, tourism, social security, sports, culture, and so on;
Infrastructure in the field of consumer and public services - passenger transport, catering, communications, and so on.
Into the social (non-production) infrastructure of the enterprise
includes such facilities as medical centers and clinics, buffets and canteens, consumer service institutions and homes, institutes and vocational schools, nurseries and kindergartens, gyms and stadiums, recreation centers and sanatoriums, clubs and libraries.
Non-production infrastructure: functions, financing
All functions of social infrastructure can be divided into two categories: :
1. Global functions, which imply meeting the objectives of society as a whole, namely:
Creating optimal conditions for demographic development;
- reproduction of the workforce that meets the level of development and production needs;
- effective use of available labor resources;
- maintaining (improving) the physical health of people;
- ensuring normal living conditions and living conditions for people;
- improving and maintaining public health;
- optimizing people's use of their free time.
2. Functions of non-production infrastructure at the enterprise level are as follows:
Making changes to the gender, professional, age and professional structure of the team, reducing the turnover of specialists and increasing the general level of education;
Reducing the risk of injury in the production process, preventing various diseases associated with the intricacies of the activity;
Improving the living conditions of each of the enterprise’s employees, as well as improving the quality of cultural and social services (construction of child care facilities, housing, and so on);
Optimization of working conditions, namely reducing vibrations, gas pollution, dust, and so on, maintaining working capacity for a long time;
Performing tasks to develop people’s creative and labor activity;
Solving emerging social problems that may go beyond the boundaries of each specific enterprise.
The development of non-production infrastructure includes solving the following tasks:
Solving housing problems that affect the broadest segments of the population;
Optimizing the development of social infrastructure, as well as increasing its level;
Creating an optimal cultural sphere of life, as well as improving environmental living conditions;
Increasing the volume of services and goods, as well as increasing the productivity of each individual employee;
Formation of optimal guarantees that ensure social security of all groups of the population (including youth);
Covering people's needs for services and goods while increasing the solvency of citizens.
At the same time, one of the main issues is quality financing of non-productive infrastructure facilities . This branch can be differentiated into two types:
Industries that operate and develop using their own resources. In this case, the focus is on generating income from activities and self-financing. This includes consumer services and catering;
Industries that operate at the expense of various consumer funds (collective, territorial and centralized).
Recently, the sphere of non-productive services has become self-financing, which allows us to conclude that the level of satisfaction of society’s needs is low. The result of this phenomenon is the restriction of funding in the field of preferential and free services, cost reduction, and so on.
In practice, financing of non-productive infrastructure has always occurred through two main channels - sectoral or territorial. At the same time, the quality of development of the social sphere depends on the extent to which each of the sectors can achieve self-sufficiency with the necessary resources to cover existing tasks.
The industry principle has its downsides. Thus, non-comprehensive use of subordinated facilities leads to the dispersion of available capital. At the same time, the subordination of each of the structures (objects) to various organizations complicates the process of solving non-production problems. It is much simpler if the issue is under the control of a separate enterprise, which on its own covers the social security needs of workers.
As for the territorial financing channel, it is largely supported by the local city budget. The disadvantage here is obvious - limited resources, which impedes the normal development of non-production infrastructure.
Often the budget is not able to cover the main tasks of society in the social sphere. On the other hand, it is the state that must take on the functions of protecting the interests of citizens and disadvantaged segments of the population in particular. It is the task of the state to ensure that citizens receive the full volume of services. That is why a complete transition of facilities to independent financing of this section of infrastructure is not yet possible.
The optimal option seems to be the coexistence of several fixed assets - at the state level, federal and private funds, as well as objects with a territorial structure. The main role in solving the main problems is given to companies that can take on most of the costs of maintaining these facilities, their reconstruction and construction of buildings.
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The economy of any country is a single complex of interconnected industries that distinguish social reproduction within national borders.
The national economy is the result of the economic and social development of society, the development of specialization and cooperation of labor, and international cooperation with other countries.
The national economic complex has special sectoral, reproductive, regional and other structural characteristics. When analyzing the national economy in economic research, concepts such as sphere, industry, and sector of the economy are usually used.
Spheres of the economy. From the point of view of participation in the creation of the total social product and national income, social production is divided into two large spheres: material production and non-production sphere.
Material production includes industry, agriculture and forestry, freight transport, communications (serving material production), construction, trade, catering, information and computing services, and other activities in the sphere of material production. The non-productive sphere includes housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications (serving organizations of the non-productive sector and the population), healthcare, physical education and social security, public education, culture and art, science and scientific services, lending and insurance, activities of the administrative apparatus .
Sectors of the economy. Spheres of the economy are divided into specialized industries. Industry is a group of qualitatively homogeneous economic units (enterprises, organizations, institutions), characterized by special production conditions in the system of social division of labor, homogeneous products and performing a common (specific) function in the national economy. The sectoral division of the economy is the result of a historical process, the development of the social division of labor.
Each of the specialized industries, in turn, is divided into complex industries and types of production. The industry, for example, includes more than 15 large industries such as electric power, fuel industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering and metalworking, forestry, pulp and paper industry, construction materials industry, light and food industries and others industry.
Specialized industries are characterized by varying degrees of differentiation of production. The development of society and the economy, the further deepening of the specialization of production leads to the formation of new industries and types of production. Along with specialization and differentiation, there are processes of cooperation and integration of production, leading to the development of stable production links between industries, to the creation of mixed production and inter-industry complexes.
An interindustry complex is an integration structure that characterizes the interaction of various industries and their elements, different stages of production and distribution of the product.
Intersectoral complexes arise and develop both within a separate sector of the economy and between different sectors. In industry, for example, there are fuel and energy, metallurgical, machine-building and other complexes. The agro-industrial and construction complexes, which unite different sectors of the national economy, have a more complex structure.
Based on the division of labor, we can distinguish multi-industry and single-industry complexes, territorial-production complexes, and inter-industry scientific and technical complexes.
Sectors of the economy. The constituent elements of the national economic complex can be grouped according to various economic characteristics. In foreign studies, based on the system of national accounts, large sectors of the economy are identified to generalize the characteristics of economic processes. A sector is understood as a set of institutional units that have similar economic goals, functions and behavior. These usually include: the enterprise sector, the household sector, the government sector and the external sector. The enterprise sector is usually divided into the financial enterprise sector and the non-financial enterprise sector.
The non-financial enterprise sector includes enterprises engaged in the production of goods and services for profit, and non-profit organizations that do not pursue profit. Depending on who controls their activities, they, in turn, are divided into state, national, private and foreign non-financial enterprises.
The financial enterprises sector covers institutional units engaged in financial intermediation.
The government sector is a combination of legislative, judicial and executive authorities, social security funds and non-profit organizations controlled by them.
The household sector consists mainly of consuming units, i.e. households and enterprises formed by them.
The external sector, or the “rest of the world” sector, is a set of institutional units - non-residents of a given country (i.e. located outside the country) with economic ties, as well as embassies, consulates, military bases, international organizations located on the territory of a given countries.
According to the degree of connection with the market in the national economy, market and non-market sectors are often distinguished.
The market sector includes the production of goods and services intended to be sold on the market at prices that have a significant impact on the demand for those goods or services, as well as the exchange of goods and services through barter, wages in kind, and inventories of finished goods.
The non-market sector is the production of products and services intended for use directly by producers or business owners, and also provided to other consumers free of charge or at prices that do not affect demand.
Sometimes mixed industries are additionally distinguished, which provide market and non-market services.
The national economic complex is a complex system of interacting macroeconomic elements. The existing relationships (proportions) between these elements are usually called economic (sectoral) structure. Typically, sectoral, reproductive, regional and other types of economic structures are distinguished. The sectoral structure of the national economy is influenced by the following factors:
- · economic policy of the state;
- · presence of mineral resources in the depths of the country;
- · historically established specialization;
- · acceleration of scientific and technical progress;
- · level of industrialized development of the country.
The structure of the national economy is not constant: some sectors and types of production are characterized by rapid development, others, on the contrary, slow down their growth rates and stagnate.
Structural changes in the economy can be spontaneous, or they can be regulated by the state in the course of implementing structural policy, which is an integral part of macroeconomic policy. The main methods of state structural policy are state target programs, state investments, purchases and subsidies, various tax incentives for individual enterprises, regions or groups of industries.
The implementation of structural restructuring of the economy ensures the balance of the national economy and is the basis for sustainable and effective economic growth and development.
The economy of any country consists of production and non-production spheres.
PRODUCTION SPHERE - a set of branches of material production in which material goods are created - means of production, consumer goods.
TO material production can be attributed primarily to industry, agriculture, trade, construction, a number of specific industries that produce material products - publishing, film studios, recording enterprises and other types of activities .
Indicators characterizing the production sector: the number of employees in general and by industry, the volume of production of means of production and consumer goods, their shares; production of certain types of the most significant products, oil, gas, metals, engineering products, grain collection, other types of agricultural products, etc. An indirect indicator of the efficiency of the production sector is the indicator of labor productivity in general and by industry.
NON-PRODUCTION SPHERE- a set of industries whose products act in the form of a certain purposeful activity (intellectual product, service, etc.). Most industries included in this area are directly related to meeting people's needs for intangible products or services. It includes the following sectors: education, healthcare, culture, art, fundamental science and scientific services, physical education and sports.
The development of the non-production sphere reflects the development of social needs, changes in their structure as the standard of living of the population increases. In all industrialized countries, in connection with the deployment of scientific and technological revolution since the middle of the 20th century. A block of intangible industries, whose products were aimed at developing the human factor, clearly emerged and began to develop dynamically.
The main structural elements of the national economy are industrial complexes and branches of the national economy. The relationships between these structural elements are called economic structure.
Industry– a set of enterprises producing (extracting) homogeneous or specific products using similar technologies. Moreover, this set may include various enterprises that produce a product from beginning to end at a given enterprise, and organizations that each engage in their own activities, but ultimately produce a solid product (automotive industry).
According to Russian legislation, an economic sector includes all Russian producers of a similar product or a directly competing product, or those of them whose share in the total volume of production in the Russian Federation, respectively, of a similar product or a directly competing product is the largest.
There are:
1. pure industries producing a single product (for example, the coal industry);
2. economic sectors in which the majority of industry organizations are engaged in the production of industry products;
3. administrative branches, the organizations of which belong to one ministry or department.
The sectors of material production include industry, agriculture and forestry, construction, transport and communications, trade and public catering, logistics. The sectors of socio-cultural orientation and service sectors include: culture, education, healthcare, social security, science, management, housing and communal services, consumer services. It is legitimate to distinguish the banking sector and activities related to information technology as economic sectors
Industry complex- a set of enterprises or industries that together fully provide the national economy with any product or service. Complexes can develop within one industry or between different industries. For example, the fuel and energy complex includes enterprises in various industries that extract, process, supply and sell oil, gas, and other types of fuel; generate and transport electrical energy.
The agrarian-industrial complex also includes both agricultural enterprises (crop growing, livestock farming, etc.), as well as food industry enterprises (which process the bulk of agricultural products), light industry (which processes the rest of agricultural products), chemical industry (fertilizer production).
