Labor is a purposeful activity of people aimed at creating material and cultural values. Labor is the basis and an indispensable condition for the life of people. By influencing the natural environment, changing and adapting it to their needs, people not only ensure their existence, but also create conditions for the development and progress of society.
The labor process is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. The main forms of its manifestation are the expenditure of human energy, the interaction of the employee with the means of production (objects and means of labor) and the production interaction of workers with each other both horizontally (the ratio of participation in a single labor process) and vertically (the relationship between the manager and the subordinate) ... The role of labor in the development of a person and society is manifested in the fact that in the process of labor not only material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bare created, designed to meet the needs of people, but also the workers themselves develop, who acquire skills, reveal their abilities, replenish and enrich knowledge. The creative nature of labor finds its expression in the emergence of new ideas, progressive technologies, more perfect and highly productive tools of labor, new types of products, materials, energy, which, in turn, lead to the development of needs.
Thus, in the process of labor activity, not only goods are produced, services are provided, cultural values \u200b\u200bare created, etc., but new needs appear with the requirements for their subsequent satisfaction (Fig. 1.1).
The sociological aspect of the study consists in considering labor as a system of social relations, in determining its impact on society.
Figure: 1.1
In the process of labor, people enter into certain social relationships, interacting with each other. Social interactions in the world of work, it is a form of social ties, realized in the exchange of activities and mutual action. The objective basis for human interaction is the commonality or divergence of their interests, close or distant goals, views. The tools and objects of labor, material and spiritual benefits act as intermediaries in the interaction of people in the sphere of labor, its intermediate links. The constant interaction of individual individuals or communities in the process of labor activity in certain social conditions forms specific social relations.
Social relationships -it is the relationship between members of social communities and these communities about their social status, lifestyle and way of life, ultimately about the conditions for the formation and development of personality, social communities. They are manifested in the position of individual groups of workers in the labor process, communication links between them, i.e. in the mutual exchange of information to influence the behavior and performance of others, as well as to assess their own position, which affects the formation of interests and behavior of these groups.
These relations are inextricably linked with labor relations and are initially determined by them. For example, workers get used to the labor organization, adapt by virtue of objective needs and thus enter into labor relations, regardless of who will work nearby, who is the leader, what is his style of activity. However, then each employee manifests himself in his own way in relationships with each other, with the leader, in relation to work, to the order of distribution of work, etc. Consequently, on the basis of objective relations, relations of a socio-psychological nature begin to take shape, characterized by a certain emotional mood, the nature of communication between people and relationships in the labor organization, and the atmosphere in it.
Thus, social and labor relations make it possible to determine the social significance, role, place, social status of an individual and a group. They are the link between the worker and the foreman, the leader and a group of subordinates, certain groups of workers and their individual members. Not a single group of workers, not a single member of a labor organization can exist outside of such relations, outside of mutual responsibilities relative to each other, outside of interactions (Figure 1.2).
As you can see, in practice there is a variety of social and labor relations. They, as well as various social phenomena and processes in the existing market and is studied by the sociology of labor. Therefore, the sociology of labor is a study of the functioning and social aspects of the market in the world of work. If we try to narrow down this concept, then we can say that sociology of labor is the behavior of employers and employees in response to economic and social incentives to work. It is this kind of incentives that, on the one hand, induce individual choice, and on the other, limit it. In sociological theory, the emphasis is on incentives that regulate labor behavior, which are not impersonal in nature and relate to workers, large groups of people.
Figure: 1.2
The subject of sociology labor are the structure and mechanism of social and labor relations, as well as social processes and phenomena in the world of work.
The goal of the sociology of labor isthis is a study of social processes and the development of recommendations for their regulation and management, forecasting and planning aimed at creating optimal conditions for the functioning of society, a team, a group, an individual in the world of work and achieving, on this basis, the most complete realization and optimal combination of their interests.
Tasks of the sociology of labor consist of:
study and optimization of the social structure of society, labor organization (team);
analysis of the labor market as a regulator of optimal and rational mobility of labor resources;
finding ways to optimally realize the labor potential of a modern worker;
the optimal combination of moral and material incentives and the improvement of attitudes towards work in market conditions;
strengthening social control and combating various kinds of deviations from generally accepted moral principles and norms in the world of work;
studying the causes and developing a system of measures to prevent and resolve labor conflicts;
creating a system of social guarantees that protect workers in society, labor organization, etc.
In other words, the tasks of the sociology of labor are reduced to the development of methods and techniques for using social factors in the interests of solving the most important socio-economic problems of society and the individual, which include the creation of a system of social guarantees, maintenance and consolidation of social protection of citizens in order to accelerate the social reorientation of the economy.
Sociological methods are widely used to collect and analyze information in the sociology of labor, which are manifested in:
the achieved knowledge about the subject of research (understanding the essence of labor and relations in the world of work);
process methods of gathering facts;
way of making a conclusion, i.e. formulate conclusions about the cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena.
It should be noted that research carried out within the framework of the sociology of labor provides the necessary and sufficiently reliable information for the formation of social policy, the development of scientifically based programs for the socio-economic development of labor organizations (collectives), for solving social problems and contradictions that constantly accompany labor activity and workers. ... Thus, the sociology of labor is designed, on the one hand, to expand knowledge about the reality of reality, on the other, to promote the establishment of new connections and processes in the world of work.
"Young Voter Day" - "Youth chooses the future" quiz for students in grades 8-11. Task 5. Answers. Task 6. Task 3. Task 2. "I have the right ...". Task 1. Task 7. Day of the young voter. Write the answer (1 point). Task 4. "Warm-up".
"Man and Society" - Developed industry, intensive production methods, revolutions in technology and technology. Related items. ? State. Global problems. Kriterio is a yardstick for evaluation. Formation of the rule of law and further development of democracy. Materialists: the economic sphere is the main one! Professional division, development of civil society.
"Career guidance in primary school" - A keen interest in the world of different professions. Organization of work in technology lessons. Books, photographic materials. Career guidance in primary school. Police station. Organization and conduct of extracurricular activities. The content of the activity. Using the LEGO constructor in the classroom. Railway. How the letter travels.
"Moral assessment of personality" - If there is a lot of money - do not be happy, if there is little - do not grieve. Conscience. "Yes, the one in whom the conscience is not clear is pathetic!" A.S. Pushkin. When do you justify the use of violence? Moral assessment of personality. Portrait of a moral man. The golden rule of morality. Conscience, nobility and dignity, Here it is our holy army.
"Youth and Politics" - Political Activity. The youth. Interest in politics. Youth and politics. Sympathy for youth organizations. Forms of participation. General conclusions. Attitude towards youth organizations. Sociological research. Young Russians. Ideological and political preferences. Electoral preferences. Value judgments.
"Constitution and constitutionalism" - Laws of the Russian Empire. Parliamentary system. The normative scheme of the political system of Russia. Classification of Constitutions by the method of change. Types of Russian statehood. Political regime. Constitutional principles of the political system in Russia. Republic. Monarchy. The first constitutions of the modern type.
There are 1473 presentations in total
In the process of labor, people enter into certain social relationships,
Interacting with each other. Social interactions in the world of work are a form
Social ties, realized in the exchange of activities and mutual action. Objective
The basis for the interaction of people is the commonality or divergence of their interests, loved ones
Or distant goals, views. Intermediaries of human interaction in the world of work,
Its intermediate links are tools and objects of labor, material and
Spiritual goods. Constant interaction of individuals or communities in the process
Labor activity in certain social conditions forms specific
Social relationships.
Social relations are relations between members of social communities and
These communities about their social status, way and way of life, in
Ultimately, about the conditions for the formation and development of personality, social
Communities. They are manifested in the position of certain groups of workers in the labor force.
Process, communication links between them, i.e. in the mutual exchange of information for
Influencing the behavior and performance of others, and assessing one's own
Own position, which influences the formation of interests and behavior of these groups.
These relationships are inextricably linked to and conditioned by labor relations.
Initially. For example, workers get used to the labor organization, adapt due to
Objective needs and thus enter into an employment relationship regardless of
Someone who will work nearby, who is the leader, what is his style of activity. but
Then each employee manifests himself in his own way in relationships with each other, with
The leader, in relation to work, to the order of distribution of work, etc. Therefore, on
The basis of objective relations begins to form relations of a socio-psychological nature, characterized by a certain emotional mood,
The nature of communication between people and relationships in the labor organization, the atmosphere in it.
Thus, social and labor relations make it possible to determine the social
Significance, role, place, social position of the individual and the group. They are
The link between the worker and the foreman, the leader and a group of subordinates,
Certain groups of workers and their individual members. No group of workers
No member of a labor organization can exist outside of such a relationship, outside
Mutual responsibilities to each other, outside of interactions.
As you can see, in practice there is a variety of social and labor relations. Them,
As well as various social phenomena and processes in the existing market and
Studying the sociology of labor. Therefore, the sociology of labor is a study of the functioning and
Social aspects of the labor market. If we try to narrow down this concept, then
We can say that the sociology of labor is the behavior of employers and employees in
The response to the action of economic and social incentives to work. It is of this kind
Incentives, on the one hand, encourage individual choice, and on the other, they limit
Him. In sociological theory, the emphasis is on the incentives governing labor
Behaviors that are not impersonal in nature and relate to workers, broad
Groups of people.
The subject of labor sociology is the structure and mechanism of social and labor
Relationships, as well as social processes and phenomena in the world of work.
The goal of sociology of labor is the study of social processes and the development
Aimed at creating optimal conditions for the functioning of society,
Collective, group, individual in the world of work and achievement on this basis
The most complete implementation and optimal combination of their interests.
The tasks of the sociology of labor are:
Study and optimization of the social structure of society, labor organization
(team);
Analysis of the labor market as a regulator of optimal and rational mobility
Labor resources;
Searching for ways to optimally realize the labor potential of modern
An employee;
The optimal combination of moral and material incentives and improvement
Attitudes towards labor in a market environment;
Strengthening social control and combating various kinds of deviations from
Generally accepted moral principles and norms in the world of work;
Studying the causes and developing a system of measures to prevent and resolve
Labor conflicts;
Creation of a system of social guarantees that protect workers in society,
Labor organization, etc.
In other words, the tasks of the sociology of labor are reduced to the development of methods and techniques
The use of social factors in the interests of solving the most important socio-economic problems of society and the individual, which include the creation of a system
Social guarantees, maintenance and consolidation of social protection of citizens with
The goal of accelerated social reorientation of the economy.
For the collection and analysis of information in the sociology of labor are widely used
Sociological methods, which are manifested in:
The knowledge achieved about the subject of research (understanding the essence of labor and
Relations at work);
The process of collecting facts;
The way to make a conclusion, i.e. draw conclusions about causal
Links between phenomena.
It should be noted that research carried out within the framework of the sociology of labor,
Provide the necessary and sufficiently reliable information to form
Social policy, development of scientifically based programs of socio-economic
Development of labor organizations (collectives) to solve social problems and
The contradictions that constantly accompany work and employees. So
Image, the sociology of labor is designed, on the one hand, to expand knowledge about the real
Existing reality, on the other hand, to promote the establishment of new connections and
Processes in the world of work.
Labor sciences of a sociological profile exist within sociology as a whole, but
Not necessarily part of the sociology of labor. Sociological they
They appear not only by methods, but also by the subject of research. Their common feature is the study
Social aspects of social labor. The emergence of disciplines within the sociology of labor
The pollution of the sea and coastal area caused by the accident of a tanker with oil serves as an example of the relationship of 1) civilization and culture 2) technology and technology 3) society and nature 4) rights and morals Significant interactions between people that cause certain emotions are called 1) mutual concessions 2) sphere creative activity 3) spheres of social life 4) interpersonal relations Irina is preparing for the exam in chemistry: she reads a textbook, reference books, solves problems, performs tests. In case of difficulty, she seeks advice from the teacher. One of the results of this activity is 1) examination 2) textbook 3) chemistry 4) excellent grade Are the following judgments about the development of society correct? A. The development of society is associated with the presence or absence of natural resources. B. The development of society is largely determined by the creative potential of people. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect The sphere of human activity aimed at forming a system of theoretical knowledge about nature and society is called 1) morality 2) religion 3) education 4) science A1 True the following judgments about patriotism? A. Patriotism presupposes love and respect for the historical traditions of one's country. B. Patriotism presupposes a good knowledge of the Patriotic history and culture. 1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true 2) only B is true 4) both judgments are incorrect Any product intended for sale or exchange on the market is called 1) money 2) a resource 3) a price 4) Anna planned to go on a trip to South Africa. For a whole year, she set aside a certain part of her salary for the subsequent purchase of a tourist ticket. What function of money does this example illustrate? 1) a means of payment 3) a measure of value 2) a means of exchange 4) a means of accumulation In country Z there is commodity production and money circulation. What additional information will allow us to conclude that the economy of country Z is of a command (planned) nature? 1) The country has a fixed exchange rate. 2) Most of the employees work in industrial enterprises. 3) The state determines the volume and structure of products. 4) The factors of production are privately owned. Are the following judgments about the market mechanism correct? A. The market mechanism is based on freedom of business. B. An important element of the market mechanism is competition between producers of goods and services. 1) only A is true 3) both statements are true 2) only B is true 4) both statements are incorrect In K. there is a tradition: to gather in the evening and talk about all the problems. What role of the family in a person's life is illustrated by this example? 1) The family provides emotional support. 2) The family carries out primary socialization. 3) The family cares about maintaining a healthy lifestyle. 4) The family provides economic support to its members. Are the following judgments about social conflict correct? A. Social conflicts help each of the participants to reveal their goals and expectations. B. Resolution of a conflict often involves a transition to mutually beneficial cooperation between the parties. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect The democratic procedure for elections of government bodies is distinguished by 1) providing additional votes to labor veterans 2) having a property qualification for voters 3) providing candidates with information about the sources of their income 4) the nomination of one, the most worthy candidate in the elections. The supreme power in state Z is inherited. What additional information will lead to the conclusion that states
Labor is a purposeful activity of people aimed at creating material and cultural values.Labor is the basis and an indispensable condition for the life of people. By influencing the environment, changing and adapting it to their needs, people not only ensure their existence, but also create conditions for the development and progress of society.
Labor and work- concepts are not equivalent, not identical. Worka social phenomenon, it is inherent only in man. Just as human life is impossible outside society, so there can be no labor without a person and outside society. Work is a physical concept; it can be performed by humans, animals, and machines. Labor is measured by working time, work - by kilograms, pieces, etc.
According to A. Marshall's definition, work is "any mental and physical effort undertaken in part or in whole with the aim of achieving some result, not counting the satisfaction obtained directly from the work itself."
Mandatory elements of labor are labor power and means of production.
Work force -it is a set of physical and spiritual abilities of a person, which are used by him in the labor process. Labor force is the main, main productive force of society. Means of productionconsist of objects of laborand means of labor. Objects of labor- These are products of nature, which in the process of labor undergo one or another change and turn into consumer values. If the objects of labor form the material basis of the product, then they are called basic materials, and if they contribute to the labor process itself or give the basic material new properties, then they are called auxiliary materials. The objects of labor in a broad sense include everything that is sought, extracted, processed, formed, i.e. material resources, scientific knowledge, etc.
Labor tools -these are the instruments of production with the help of which a person acts on the objects of labor and modifies them. Tools of labor include tools and a workplace. On labor efficiencythe set of properties and parameters of the means of labor, properly adapted to a person or a collective as a subject of labor, has an impact. In the event of a discrepancy between the psychophysiological characteristics of a person and the parameters of the means of labor, the safe mode of work is violated, the fatigue of the employee increases, etc. The parameters of the instruments depend on the achievements of scientific and technological progress, the financial capabilities of the enterprise to acquire new products, as well as its investment activity.
Labor process -the phenomenon is complex and multifaceted. The main forms of its manifestation are the expenditure of human energy, the interaction of the employee with the means of production (objects and means of labor) and the production interaction of workers with each other both horizontally (the ratio of participation in a single labor process) and vertically (the relationship between the manager and the subordinate) ... The role of labor in the development of man and society is manifested in the fact that in the process of labor not only material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bare created, designed to meet the needs of people, but also the workers themselves develop, who acquire skills, reveal their abilities, replenish and enrich knowledge. The creative nature of labor finds its expression in the emergence of new ideas, progressive technologies, more perfect and highly productive tools of labor, new types of products, materials, energy, which, in turn, lead to the development of needs.
Thus, in the process of labor activity, not only goods are produced, services are provided, cultural values \u200b\u200bare created, etc., but new needs appear with the requirements of their subsequent satisfaction. The sociological aspect of the study consists in considering labor as a system of social relations, in determining its impact on society.
Labor plays an extremely important role in the implementation and development of human society and each of its members. Thanks to the work of many thousands of generations of people, a huge potential of productive forces, colossal social wealth has been accumulated, and modern civilization has been formed. Further progress of human society is impossible without the development of production and labor.
At all times, labor has been and remains the most important production factor, a type of human activity.
Activity -it is the internal (mental) and external (physical) activity of a person, regulated by a conscious goal.
Labor activity is the leading, main human activity. Since during life at every moment a person can be in one of two states - activity or inaction, then activity acts as an active process, and inaction as a passive one.
Thus, from an economic point of view, labor is a process of conscious, purposeful activity of people, with the help of which they modify the substance and forces of nature, adapting them to meet their needs.
The goals of workmay be the production of consumer goods and services or the means necessary for their production. The goals can be the production of energy, media, ideological products, as well as the actions of managerial and organizational technologies. In this case, it does not matter whether the manufactured product is needed by a person to satisfy his own needs. The goals of labor activity are assigned to a person by society, therefore, by its nature, it is social: the needs of society form, determine, direct and regulate it.
In the process of labor, a person is influenced by a large number of external production and non-production factors that affect his performance and health. The combination of these factors is called working conditions.
Under working conditionsis understood as a set of elements of the production environment that affect the functional state of a person, his performance, health, all aspects of his development, and above all, the attitude to work and its efficiency. Working conditions are formed in the production process and are determined by the type and level of technology, technology and organization of production.
Distinguish socio-economic and industrial working conditions.
Socio-economic working conditionsinclude everything that affects the level of preparation of the employee for participation in labor, on the restoration of the labor force (the level of education and the possibility of obtaining it, the possibility of full-value rest, living conditions, etc.). Working conditions of work- these are all elements of the working environment that affect the employee in the process of work, on his health and performance, on his attitude to work.
The subject of laborthere can be an individual employee or a team. Since the means of labor and objects of labor are created by a person, he is the main component of labor as a system.
Hence, work– a social phenomenon.In the process of labor, a certain system of social and labor relations is formed, which are the core of social relations at any level (national economy, region, enterprise, individuals).
it social characteristics of labor.But work is based on both psychological and physiological processes. Therefore, an important role in solving problems of increasing its efficiency is played by the study of human activities and functions. This implies another definition of the category "work".
Labor -it is the process of expenditure of nervous (mental) and muscular (physical) energy of a person, as a result of which consumer values \u200b\u200bnecessary for the life and development of society are created.
This characteristic of labor is closely related to its productivity. Reducing energy consumption for a unit of work volume is identical to an increase in productivity, and vice versa, and energy consumption depends on various production and personal factors.
In view of laboralso highlight various aspects:
economic(employment of the population, labor market, labor productivity, organization and regulation of labor, remuneration and material incentives, planning, analysis and accounting of labor);
technical and technological(technical and technological equipment, electrical and power supply, safety engineering, etc.);
social(content, attractiveness, prestige and motivation, social partnership, etc.);
psychophysiological(severity, tension, sanitary and hygienic working conditions, etc.);
legal(legislative regulation of labor relations, relations in the labor market, etc.).
Such a division is very conditional, since labor problems combine different aspects at the same time, appear in unity or are in close dependence.
