Main reserves for production development, their classification
The transition of the economy to market relations makes it objectively necessary to find internal production reserves at enterprises for increasing production efficiency.
Under internal production reserves understand the possibilities of improving the use of enterprise resources (material and technical, energy, financial, work force) as a result of improvement of equipment, technology, labor organization, production and management.
By implementation methods distinguish between technical and organizational reserves. Technical are associated with an increase in manufacturability, a decrease in material intensity and labor intensity of the finished product due to technical improvements. Organizational associated with improving the management structure and the use of more progressive forms of labor and production organization. Organizational reserves are closely related to scientific, technical and social development enterprises.
By time of mobilization In-production reserves are classified into current and future. TO current include such reserves that do not require significant capital investments and can be used in the nearest planning period, promising - which require large investments and can be used in the future.
Depending on the nature of the resources, the use of which is planned to be improved, reserves are distinguished:
1. use of tools and means of labor (the possibility of more fully loading equipment, reducing the time it spends in repairs, rational use tool, etc.);
2. savings on labor items (possibility of waste-free and integrated use raw materials and materials, their rational choice, use of waste, strengthening the economy regime, revising standards, etc.);
3. saving working time (possibility of more complete unloading of workers, reducing losses and unproductive costs of working time, changing the structure of personnel, etc.);
4. finished product (possibility of improving properties, increasing the durability and reliability of products, reducing defects, using the requirements of international standards, etc.);
5. general production: related to the organization of the production process (reducing the duration of the production cycle, the size of work in progress, inventories), as well as unused opportunities to reduce the time required for technical preparation of production and the development of new types of products.
Revealing organizational reserves must:
1. ensure the revision and clarification of the standards on the basis of which calculations of the main indicators of the enterprise’s performance are made;
2. give qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the identified reserves;
3. identify organizational innovations and develop organizational and technical measures aimed at using the identified reserves.
The results of the analysis of organizational reserves should provide the most complete and systematic orientation of all levels of production towards maximizing the final results of the enterprise.
Analysis of the organizational state of the system primarily consists of assessing how well it corresponds to current and future tasks and conditions of its functioning.
System analysis is a set of techniques and methods for studying a certain object as a specific system that has both internal and external diverse connections with other surrounding objects.
During the analysis, you should get answers to the following questions: where is the bottleneck? are there any reserves? Answers to them can be obtained based on an analysis of the technical and economic indicators of the enterprise (workshop, site, teams), production schedule, working time balances, data on staff turnover, etc.
Next, research or further study of the system is carried out in given areas. This process consists of a consistent assessment of individual elements, properties and connections of the system from the perspective of how they influence the outcome of the process. Techniques for such assessment may be different for different types of tasks. For example, using functional cost analysis techniques, a system element or connection can be assessed based on the following questions:
What is he (she) for? (Their functions in the system process.)
Are the costs for him (her) high?
Could this function be accomplished more cost-effectively by using another element or another connection?
Is it possible to do without performing this function without damaging the system process? (Workaround maneuver).
Does this set of elements included in the system and the connections between them provide sufficient completeness and completeness?
In the practice of solving organizational problems, the most common normative approach is when the assessment of individual objects, properties (parameters) and connections of the system is carried out on the basis of comparing them with established standards, standard solutions, and stages. At the same time, the success of the solution depends on the progressiveness and scientific and technical level of the standards.
Following the analysis of the system comes the process of designing a more efficient version of its organization. It is expressed in the exclusion, replacement or addition of individual elements and connections in the system, which could provide the desired output.
Finding the optimal option that provides the maximum value of the efficiency criterion at the minimum possible cost does not mean solving the problem. To make a realistically feasible decision, it is necessary to study information about the resources necessary for its implementation.
An analysis of resources may lead to the conclusion that this solution option is not feasible with the available funds, human resources and within a given time frame. In this case, various types of adjustments are made to the adopted option, which may lead to a slight decrease in the efficiency criterion, although they make the solution actually feasible.
The work of organizing operational services begins with the fact that an employee of the operational unit who has received an industry (zone, line of work) for operational services must know how many and what kind of enterprises (institutions, organizations) are located in the serviced territory. Next, the employee begins to analyze the state of the operational situation. IN in general terms The content of the operational situation includes the following groups of factors:
geographical;
climatic;
economic;
socio-demographic;
criminogenic;
the presence of operational-search and other forces and means available to the subject of analysis.
This set of characteristics is used mainly by management structures. For the operational staff of law enforcement agencies, as a rule, it is necessary to analyze the operational situation at the serviced facility (group of facilities), territory or line of work. In this regard, the content of the operational situation is significantly narrowed and includes only the following factors:
Socio-economic characteristics;
Crime situation;
The forces and means of an operational law enforcement officer.
As a result of the analysis of the operational situation in certain territory The employee must receive the following information:
1. According to socio-economic characteristics:
economic potential (number of enterprises, institutions, organizations, their focus economic activity);
industrial and other connections; entrepreneurial activity of the population;
the situation of socially weakly protected categories of citizens; level of tax collection;
presence and condition of communications, etc.
2. According to the crime situation:
Structure, level, dynamics and specific gravity crime;
The presence and nature of activities of persons of operational interest;
Prevalence of administrative offenses; criminological characteristics of persons committing offenses;
State of preservation of property; conditions conducive to the commission of crimes, etc.;
3. Forces and means of the operational law enforcement agency:
Availability and quality characteristics of confidential employees;
List of subjects with whom the detective interacts and forms of interaction;
Technical equipment of the operational officer, etc.
The study of:
Production technologies, accounting procedures, expenditure, transportation, storage of these funds;
Data regarding financially responsible and other persons with direct access to drugs, sources of their material security, its correspondence to income received; lifestyle, connections, criminal records and other materials indicating probable criminal activity audited;
Materials from audits of economic activities of enterprises and institutions, complaints about the supply of raw materials and finished products; other documents relating to the production, acquisition, storage, destruction, release and consumption of drugs;
Structures and procedures for the security of enterprises, institutions, organizations and other objects, implementation of access control on them;
The procedure for selecting and placing personnel directly related to drug operations.
Department employees law enforcement when conducting Operational search activities at drug production and storage sites should be aimed at identifying:
Drug addicts, drug users See the Unified Departmental Dictionary of Terms Used in Assessing the Scale of Drug Distribution and Illicit Consumption. - M.: FSKN, 2006., persons previously convicted of theft of state property and crimes related to drugs, among financially responsible and other persons with access to drugs;
Prescriptions written out for fictitious patients and persons for whom medical use of narcotic drugs is not prescribed;
Cases of replacing drugs in ampoules and other containers with other means;
Facts of misappropriation of drugs due to their fictitious write-off for scientific research or treatment of oncological or other categories of patients;
Forged documents for the destruction of narcotic medicines with expired shelf life and facts of misappropriation of such medicines;
Operational and other information about the appearance of a batch of narcotic drugs in illicit trafficking in the serviced territory and taking measures to establish their quantity, volume, frequency of appearance, features of labeling, packaging, packaging.
Thus, proper organization operational work on the indicated objects for the purpose of carrying out preventive and operational investigative measures cannot be ensured without a thorough study of the features of their production activities, knowledge of the contingent of workers who are entrusted with operations with narcotic drugs, the state of preservation of state property at a particular enterprise.
In addition to the above-mentioned enterprises involved in the production, storage, distribution and use of narcotic drugs, law enforcement agencies provide operational services to other facilities and territories, which include:
Joint stock companies, agro-industrial complexes those engaged in the cultivation of hemp;
Settlements where illegal planting of prohibited crops has been repeatedly recorded;
Settlements located near tracts of wild hemp;
Areas adjacent to transport communications located near places of cultivation or wild growth of narcotic plants;
Processing facilities See the Unified Departmental Dictionary of Terms Used in Assessing the Extent of Drug Distribution and Illicit Use. - M.: FSKN, 2006., storage, production of drug-containing raw materials.
Their operational service is aimed at identifying facts of illegal crops of poppy and hemp, identifying persons arriving in a given area for the purpose of stealing drug-containing plants from sown plantations or procuring wild hemp for further artisanal drug production, buyers of raw materials and artisanal drugs.
Operational maintenance of territories and facilities is ensured by a combination of the following organizational measures:
Study, analysis, assessment of the operational situation in the assigned territory or its individual parts;
Determination of operational maintenance modes for specific objects and territories;
Organization of a system for collecting information of operational interest;
Planning operational search and other activities to prevent and solve drug-related crimes.
A comprehensive analysis and assessment of the current situation allows law enforcement officers to make adequate decisions for interaction between various services and units.
Operational maintenance of objects and territories is impossible without planning and implementing a whole complex of secret activities, the basis of which is the work of selecting and placing a secret apparatus.
Positive results in the fight against drug trafficking are achieved where they skillfully organize the work of selecting and placing secret sources of information. This contributes to the creation of a stable secret apparatus that can provide effective assistance in the fight against drug crime.
Monitoring, regulation and management of industrial facilities textile production requires, first of all, obtaining objective initial information about the state and progress of technological processes, occurring in automation objects. In the process of measuring various physical quantities, it is necessary to determine quantitative value using appropriate technical devices called means of obtaining measurement information (sensors). These devices are an integral part of almost any industrial automation system.
Given the wide variety of measured technological parameters, it is difficult to count on the successful development of sensors without their systematization and unification. Research carried out in the 70s of the twentieth century by the Institute of Management Problems to estimate the size of the area of such information made it possible to create an inventory of quantities and parameters to be measured.
Cadastre– a systematized body of information compiled periodically or through continuous observations of relevant objects. It combines physical quantities that determine the state of technological control objects of various industries. These include quantities of space and time, mechanical, electrical and magnetic, acoustic, light, and also relative. The cadastre determines the prospects for the development of the range of measuring instruments - technological process sensors.
In Fig. 2.1 shows the structure of the inventory of measured quantities. These are mainly quantities used for control and automation of industrial facilities. The given classification and list of measured and controlled quantities of GSP are quite arbitrary: they reflect mainly the existing tradition, but, on the other hand, they limit the area of distribution, determine the nomenclature of all TSA included in its composition, and serve to outline the range of objects control and management currently covered by SHGs.
Basic concepts in metrology
Metrology is the science of measurements, methods and means of ensuring their unity and methods of achieving the required accuracy. She serves theoretical basis measuring equipment.
By measuring They call finding the value of a physical quantity experimentally using special technical means.
To solve problems of automatic control and regulation of technological parameters of textile production, the reliability of the value of the measured value of the controlled parameter is essential. Thus, measurement is characterized, first of all, by obtaining quantitative information about the quantity being measured, or the so-called measurement information.
Distinctive feature measurement is that this process necessarily involves one or another simple or complex physical experiment. In a number of cases, quantitative information about the measured value cannot be obtained only through theoretical calculations. Even if the values of individual quantities are obtained by calculation, then the calculation formulas used in these cases must necessarily contain the value of other quantities determined experimentally.
To carry out a measurement, one naturally needs measuring instruments with which the measuring process is carried out, as well as a method or method of measurement characterized by a physical phenomenon that is used in the measurement depending on the measuring instruments used.
Thus, the concept of “measurement” includes the following main elements: the measurement condition, units of physical quantities, measuring instruments, measurement methods, an observer or any technical devices for perceiving and using the value of the measured quantity, the result of the measurement.
Measured quantities. When considering this issue, we will focus only on the measurement of deterministic quantities, without touching on the measurement of statistical characteristics of random processes.
There are quantities that are continuous in value and discrete. The first are characterized by the fact that within a given measurement range they can have an infinite number of values. A quantity that is discrete in value in a given measurement range has a limited number of values (levels), and any subsequent value differs from the previous one by the same value.
In measuring technology, the term “analog quantity” is also used, i.e. a quantity that is similar to another quantity, or, in other words, displays another quantity. If the first (main) value changes continuously, then the analog value will also change continuously. For this reason, devices with a pointer moving along a scale are called analog, and devices that provide measurement information in discrete form in the form of numbers are called digital.
Measurement conditions. When measuring, it is necessary to take into account the mutual influence of the environment and the measuring instruments with which the measurement information is obtained. The introduction of measuring instruments into the medium should not change its properties, otherwise false or distorted information to one degree or another will be obtained. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the interaction of the environment and measuring instruments is necessary, since only thanks to this the transmission and reception of measuring information by the device occurs. The influence of measurement conditions must be taken into account when choosing a method and processing measurement results.
Units of physical quantities. In dimensions vital role belongs to units of physical quantities having such dimensions that, by definition, are assigned the numerical value “1”. For comparison and unambiguous interpretation of measurement results, a system of units has been established by law. Basic units are reproduced in the form of standards, i.e., such measuring instruments that allow the reproducible size of the unit to be transmitted with the greatest achieved accuracy to other measuring instruments used in widespread practice.
Measurement tools and methods. Technical means, used in measurements and having standardized metrological properties, are called measuring instruments. Measuring instruments serve as the basis of measuring equipment.
Methods for carrying out measurements depend on the methods of obtaining measurement information and the patterns underlying the measurements, as well as on many other factors: the type of the measured quantity, its value, measurement conditions, required accuracy, etc. In fact, the measurement method is determined by the principle of comparing the measured quantity with unit and physical laws underlying the measurement.
Measurement result. For a number of reasons, any measuring instrument cannot give an absolutely accurate value of the measured value. Therefore, the true value of a quantity must be considered only as a value that ideally reflects, in qualitative and quantitative terms, the corresponding property of a given physical object. For practical use, the value of a quantity is accepted, determined experimentally using measuring instruments to such an extent that for a specific purpose it can be taken instead of the true value. Thus, one of the cardinal tasks in measurements is the assessment of measurement errors.
Because the commercial success enterprises in modern conditions depends on the degree of consumer satisfaction, the quality system should be focused on information about needs and the degree of their satisfaction, as well as about the state of the competitors’ market and the quality of their products.
The basis of the quality system should be marketing research, when implementing which it is necessary to take into account the following features modern market:
– the consumer dictates what, when, in what form he wants to receive and at what price;
– competition in the market due to its globalization is sharply intensifying;
– consumer needs and the market situation change very quickly.
The function of marketing should be to determine needs, demand, specific and expected requirements of consumers and the market, product characteristics that meet consumer requirements and regulatory documents.
It is precisely the fact that the modern world market is a buyer's market that encourages the governments of all industrialized and many developing countries to contribute in every possible way to increasing national exports.
Let's consider the concept of competitiveness. This is a very important criterion that characterizes a company’s ability to exist in market conditions.
In general, under competition is understood as: an element of the market mechanism or a form of interaction between market subjects or economic competition of isolated commodity producers for market share and profit, obtaining an order or
We are interested now competitiveness of the product- the ability of a product to meet the market requirements of a given type of product.
The assessment of the competitiveness of a product (CP) is made on the basis of a comparison of this product with the corresponding products of other companies. The indicator of product competitiveness is expressed by the ratio of the beneficial effect to the price of consumption, and the integral indicators of the characteristics of the product - its quality - are taken as the beneficial effect.
Ways to obtain information: market analysis, open sources, marketing research, own research, involvement of an outside specialist, etc.
Quality planning
Product quality planning means the establishment of reasonable targets for the production of products with the required values of quality indicators for a given ms of time or during a given time interval.
Planning for quality improvement should be based on scientifically based forecasting of the needs of the domestic and foreign markets. To properly substantiate quality improvement plans, you should use data on the results of product operation, summarize and analyze information about the actual level of its quality.
The subject of product quality planning is, ultimately, various indicators that reflect both the product quality department and the various characteristics of the quality management system and processes. These indicators are reflected in specific tasks for improving product quality in plans for research and development work, standardization and metrological support, implementation of quality management systems, technical development enterprises; personnel training, etc.
The main objectives of planning to improve product quality are:
Ensuring the release of products with maximum compliance of their properties with existing and future market needs;
Increasing the technical level and quality of products to the level of the best domestic and foreign samples;
Establishing economically optimal tasks for improving product quality in terms of their resource supply and consumer requests;
Improving the structure of manufactured products by optimizing their size range;
Increasing the output of certified products;
Improving individual consumer properties of already manufactured products (reliability, durability, safety, efficiency, etc.);
Timely reduction in output or discontinuation of obsolete and uncompetitive products;
Ensuring strict compliance with standards, technical specifications and other regulatory and technical documentation, timely implementation of newly developed and revision of outdated standards;
Development and implementation of specific measures to ensure the achievement of a given level of quality;
Quality improvement planning should be carried out different levels management and stages life cycle products, including design, production and operation. Quality improvement plans must be supported by the necessary material, financial and labor resources, and planned indicators and measures to improve quality must be carefully justified by calculations of cost-effectiveness.
Planning to improve product quality at an enterprise should be based, first of all, on:
A thorough study of the current and future demand products;
Analysis of consumer reviews on the behavior of products in operation;
Development of contracts with customers.
Quality improvement plans should also consider:
Product certification results;
Progressive requirements of current standards and technical specifications;
results scientific research;
Patent materials;
Licenses;
Scientific and technical information data;
Consumer requirements.
Creation of a quality system
The quality system is a totality organizational culture, methods, processes necessary for the implementation of general quality management. The choice of quality system model depends on financial condition enterprise, the goals it pursues when creating the system, the size of the enterprise, the structure and organization of production. Creating an effective quality system structure requires maximum integration of the activities of all departments and services of the enterprise.
The successful functioning of the quality system and its further improvement depends on the organizational structure of quality management, which can be:
– vertical (top to bottom);
– horizontal (cooperation system).
The choice of organizational structure depends on the company’s preferred concept of quality management and the goals of creating a quality system. Hierarchical organizational structures with vertical management processes are generally poorly suited for development and implementation modern systems quality. The most effective are horizontal quality management processes, among which the following are recognized worldwide:
– project management style;
– statistical process control;
– construction organizational structures from the consumer-supplier chain;
– structuring of quality functions.
The project management style has become widespread. The project is always focused on a specific consumer and customer of the product. The project manager is appointed by the senior management of the enterprise and reports only to him. Within the project, a project team is created on a competitive basis, which develops all processes and a quality system in accordance with the requirements of a given consumer. The essence of statistical control is the use of statistical methods to minimize the variability of the process. Deming argued that the less variability in projects, the higher the quality of products.
Continues environmental and legal education of citizens and presents to your attention another infographic on the topic “Openness of environmental information.”
First of all, it is necessary to understand what environmental information is and how its openness is expressed. According to the environmental directory, environmental information is “any information in written, audiovisual, electronic or any other material form about the condition of elements environment; factors that have or can have an impact on environmental elements; state of health and safety of people; living conditions of people; condition of cultural objects, buildings and structures.” The openness of this information presupposes the unhindered receipt of information about the state of the environment by the public, as well as the opportunity to take part in solving environmental problems.
IN Russian legislation, unlike reference books, there is no definition of environmental information, and the rules governing its receipt are rather formal, declarative in nature. However, the issue of obtaining environmental information is extremely important. First of all, because the right to receive it is enshrined in Article 42 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Moreover, concealment, distortion or failure to provide environmental information can lead to administrative and even criminal liability for persons who are obliged to provide it.
What kind of environmental information and in what form should it be provided? Information about this can be found in Federal Law No. 7 “On the Environment” of January 10, 2002 and in more than 30 special federal laws. The environmental information to which you are entitled, according to these documents, must have three essential characteristics - to be complete, reliable and timely. Without going into long thoughts on this debatable and sometimes controversial topic, we decided to immediately tell you where to look for environmental information.
You can find existing information in many sources. Both government agencies and the media publish new laws and documents in the field of environmental protection. Many government agencies have electronic reception desks, where you can independently send an appeal if you do not find the information you need in the public domain. The main sources of environmental information include:
- Ministry of Natural Resources and his departments ( Rosprirodnadzor, Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources, Federal Agency for Subsoil Use, Federal Agency for Water Resources, Federal Agency for Forestry);
- Roshydromet - the main body that monitors the environment;
- Rostechnadzor, Rosselkhoznadzor, Rospotrebnadzor;
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help systems Consultant Plus and Garant . They partially provide free access, but a paid subscription is required to access the entire document database. These systems include legislation in all sectors, including the environmental sector;
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portals and open data sections. There are portals at the federal level, for example, government or Open Government portal , as well as open data portals in individual regions and private ones;
- Rosreestr , on whose website information is published related to the monitoring of lands and land management, including those that are part of nature reserves, national parks, etc.
- "Russian newspaper" , which promptly publishes last changes in federal legislation. Documents at the regional level are published in regional and local publications;
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in regional and municipal departments.
Also important information can be published by companies and organizations that in one way or another work in the field of environmental management.
Of course, obtaining the necessary environmental information is sometimes a little problematic, although the right to it is prescribed by law. Requires patience to navigate through some confusing sites necessary information, and in order to wait for a response if you sent questions of interest through reception (on average, the processing time for an application is 30 days).
When implementing the project, funds are used state support, allocated as a grant in accordance with the order of the President of the Russian Federation dated April 1, 2015. No. 79-rp and on the basis of a competition held by the Movement "
