Serebrennikova Tatyana Andreevna ,
master's student at UralGAKhA
Scientific supervisors:
candidate of architecture, professor A.A. Raevsky
Doctor of Architecture, Professor Yu.S. Yankovskaya
Ural State Academy of Architecture and Art
Ekaterinburg, Russia

PRINCIPLES OF FORM FORMATION IN ARCHITECTURE IN THE AGE OF INFORMATION EXPLOSION

In the era of the information explosion, architecture requires new approaches, methods and principles of shaping, focused on the system of scientific knowledge and changes in the existential space. Architecture of the XX-XXI centuries. is an information space that, depending on environmental factors, is constantly in motion and is a reflection of the picture of the world. In ultra-modern architecture, there are three main principles of the formation and dynamics of I-space: intertranslatability, adaptation and presentation. The principles are interconnected, systematized and subject to structural analysis.

Keywords: information explosion, environmentalism, information space, intertranslatability, adaptation, presentation.

Currently, we are at a turning point in history, which has radically transformed historical development and at the same time acquired a destructive character to some extent, breaking the thread of history “past-future”. This is the age of the information explosion, with all the ensuing consequences.

Distinctive feature This era is the increasing dynamics of society and the oversaturation of the information field. The high pace of development of new technologies aimed at expanding the sphere of human activity, the stratification of life priorities, the mobility of the population, the vagueness of social boundaries, the fragmentation of cultures and traditions largely determine the essence of such aspects as science, economics, engineering, art, etc.

We are witnessing a period of globalization when the role external factors is rapidly growing, society's needs for modern conditions are constantly changing. In this regard, new methods of design and construction become relevant, where the search for an architectural form, first of all, takes into account changes in the requirements of society and allows for change and adaptation depending on the functional significance of the object and the environment.

In the era of the XX-XXI centuries. information largely determines the path of development of science (physics, mathematics, biology, chemistry, etc.). Everything in the environment and in science is digitized and encrypted by systems of codes, symbols, and signs. Information is perceived by us at the level of an organized system of codes, each of which carries its own designation and content. In mathematics, each formula encodes the meaning of the expression itself, physics appears to us as expressed symbolic elements of certain concepts and quantities, in chemistry, each atom and molecule has its own code designation. Each such system of signs and codes has its own organized structure, it is systematized and has a general universality. In the same way, the architecture of the technogenic period must be systematized, justified and subordinated to a unified algorithm of form-building, where the principles of creating space from the point of view of ultra-modernity are an important factor.

In the era of the information explosion and environmentalism (the dictate of the priority of the environment), architecture requires a new approach, focused, first of all, on reflecting the aspects that form the existential space. The factors inherent in the technogenic era themselves dictate the methods of formation, which are systematized and put together into a common sign-symbolic picture. Thus, architecture is a kind of information space (infospace, i-space), which is a way of transmitting the state of the environment - the existential space.

Based on the above, interconnected semantic chains follow:

Scheme 1

In defining the concept of information space, the following can be distinguished:
- the determining factor, the meaning-forming phenomenon in it is information;
- the subject of activity within its boundaries is the individual;
- there are specific information carriers;
- its regulation, density, mobility, and degree of accessibility are determined by social need.

It is spatial representations that create a common worldview, on the basis of which a general picture of the world emerges.

The environment as an event is an episodic phenomenon; it occurs within the boundaries of spatial situations of the environment for any purpose when the time parameter changes. The continuous unfolding of events is structured into a single historical process, which has a direct connection with factors of anthropogenic, natural, cultural, social and other nature.

Scheme 2

Architecture is the essence of space itself - the code of the environment. The environment, in turn, reflects the existential space and picture of the world. Thus, architecture in the era of the information explosion should be a reflection of the picture of the world in the modern cultural space, depending on the events taking place within a certain time frame.

Today, the basic principles for creating architecture as an i-space have been outlined:
- principle of mutual translatability
- principle of adaptation
- presentation principle

Scheme 3

Scheme 4

As you know, the current phenomenon of modern architecture lies in the absence of a specific style base. The search and invention of new metaphors are “in a state of becoming,” capable of surprising and delighting, but not tied to any specific ideology. Characteristically expressed directions have emerged that contain informational significance and unique design patterns. Thus, we can observe a trend in the development of digital architecture, where the fundamental criterion is the orientation towards computer technology. The connection with the hidden energy and tectonics of geological formations largely determined such a direction as landform architecture. The problem of greening, which in many ways became aggravated at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries, and the natural factor itself revealed “green” architecture, where the natural component is the starting point. Considering similar trends of the information period, we can conclude that information, science and the environment as a whole predetermined the development of i-spaces of directions.

Thus, by highlighting the main or minor elements of any possible i-spaces, systematizing them and combining them according to the logic of thinking into a common dynamic structure, we obtain new methods of shaping. We will denote this principle as the principle of mutual translatability, where each element of the i-space has the property of being interchangeable, translated, projected, thus forming a completely different architecture.

The sciences of complex systems, including fractal geometry, nonlinear dynamics, neocosmology, self-organization theory, etc., brought with them a change in ideological perspective that influenced both the consciousness of people and the architectural space. We can talk about the birth of new directions based on new scientific knowledge. Adaptation principle

Scheme 5

By the beginning of the twentieth century. for the first time, a new attitude towards architecture was formulated, which must adapt to the constant changes and updates introduced technical development in all areas of life. The unique principle of architectural systems is dynamism, variability, adaptation of the compositional structure. The emergence of the concept of “adaptation” in architecture is due to the need to solve factors that are constantly in flux throughout the development of civilization, such as population growth, its social mobility and migration associated with the rapid growth of cities and the active development of areas. The concept of “adaptation” is very multifaceted and can be interpreted from different angles in relation to each specific situation.

The architectural system is in constant structural organization, which has the ability to change, adapt and transform. These ongoing processes can be represented as a matrix grid filled with modules that change depending on certain factors. Each module contains a symbolic code characterizing a historical era, time, society. The invariance of the transformation of modules leads to a change in the entire matrix structure, as a result of which global changes occur in the architectural space as a whole.

Building lightly and mobile is more important than building rigidly and immobile.

Mobility
The dynamic feature of the mobility of an architectural object is reflected in both internal and external processes. Mobility is expressed in the transformation of the internal space and mobility of an architectural object in connection with changes in the needs and lifestyle of people, functional purpose and adaptation to environmental conditions.

Modularity
Modularity in architecture is considered as the organization of the spatial environment on a “global” scale, applied both to the entire architectural structure, and in a single version, applicable to a specific object.

The architectural object is a matrix model consisting of residential and public modules. Modules are interchanged, change their functional significance, and are replicated along coordinate axes. Choice necessary solution is associated with providing certain criteria that may be implicit, hidden and related to aesthetic, climatic, insolation requirements, as well as lighting, air exchange requirements, etc.

Transformation
Dynamics modern life often requires the creation of corresponding transformable architectural forms. In modern architecture, transformation is used to solve functional problems:
- temporary, reversible transformations of architectural space in the case of its multifunctional use;
- regulation of the microclimate of the room due to reversible movements of structural elements (enclosing surfaces, roofs, blinds);
- transportation of structures or their elements in folded form to the place of their construction; installation of other building structures.

Environmental friendliness
The energy and environmental crises largely dictated new development paths in design for the architect. The further evolution of the artificial habitat is aimed, first of all, at overcoming contradictions in establishing the connection between “man and nature.” Thus, the emerging directions “Organi-tek” and “Eco-tek” demonstrate increasing interest in the problem of ecology; biotectonic current is focused on the use of renewable energy sources. Use of modern power plants is an integral factor in architectural design in many countries.

Thanks to the application of adaptation principles, such as mobility, modularity, transformation and environmental friendliness, it becomes possible to track the stylistic features of shaping in architecture. The stylistics of form-building is formulated in terms of limited options for using the morphological parameters of form elements and strictly defined modular structures that determine the features of the interaction of form elements. Presentation principle

Architecture has a great influence on people: this determines its ideological significance, which is taken into account when creating a specific purpose for space and is manifested in its socio-utilitarian, artistic, aesthetic and compositional qualities. Based on this, there follows a connection between established facts, but with new designation and content. What role does the expression i-space play, by what means and compositional techniques is it expressed (if any) and what elements scientific systems are used to construct this space?

Architecture co-signifies a system of codes, thereby opening it up to an interpretive reading that expands its information capabilities. The codification of i-space forms can be temporary, its functional definition can be replaceable, while repurposing and reconstruction can radically change the image of the i-space itself and the environment as a whole.

The principle of presentation implies an emotional and sensory characteristic of the i-space. In the process of working on a project, the emotional meaning of the future object is first guessed, then, as it develops, it matures, becomes more precise, and at the end of the work appears to the author’s inner gaze as a complex flowing system of various kinds of impressions, meanings, signs, thus presenting itself. The emotional structure and degree of influence of i-space, first of all, depends on time, place, existential environment and functional purpose.

Architecture at this time stage “presents” itself, and a person “accepts” and “perceives” it. The feeling that the architecture of an object conveys, the sensation that it evokes, are part of the meaning that this object carries as a whole.

The emotional reaction is holistic and reflects not only the external, but also the “internal” environment of a person, his well-being, mood and much that does not depend on the appearance of the architectural structure currently in sight. From a cultural-semiotic point of view, a person’s reaction to an architectural object depends not only on the properties of the object, but also on the ability to understand the subject, his culture and experience. Space and its surroundings influence each other mutually. Space and man become mutually dependent on each other.

It is obvious that today we cannot accurately formulate a definition of ultra-modern architecture. In our time, architecture requires new concepts, new methods, approaches, directions and goals, which should not be confined within the framework of narrow formal studies, but be considered as a complex discipline that is constantly in contact with scientific knowledge. Our spatial awareness has expanded with the advent of modern means and messages to the limits of our planet.

Architecture is faced with a problem that has no precedent in its history, to turn to methods of thinking modern science: semiotics, new philosophy, microphysics, biochemistry, psychology, anthropology, synergetics, mathematics. In other words, today we are dealing with a fundamentally different architecture - architecture as i-space.

Consideration of trends in architecture in the era of the information explosion and the parameters of the existential space that form these trends makes it possible to trace the relationship between environmental factors (economic, natural, social, etc.) and architecture. The study of architectural trends in a given era makes it possible to identify the main methods and patterns of the practical and theoretical components of the development of architectural form (the parameters according to which the principles operate) and, based on their comparison, to create a model of invariants of the principles of shape formation.

This research hypothesis will make it possible to predetermine the formative principles of architecture by generating parameters, codes, signs and symbols of the main matrix structure already known directions. Techniques and means of shaping, formulated on the basis of factors of the modern picture of the world, are an alternative to established design methods.

With the development of civilization, the emergence of new cultures and movements, society and the environment will become increasingly saturated with information and communication fields that appear before us in the form of numbers, graphs, ciphers, codes, signs and symbols. This entails a significant change in the surrounding space and its components natural environment- architecture. It's about not only about changes in the world order itself, but also about the new consciousness of man, about the new man, his worldview and worldview. In this regard, there is a need to identify in advance the fundamental parametric model of architectural form formation and, based on a single universality, to create new principles and methods of design.

In the era information technologies a new space is being created in which the “natural environment,” dependent and relative, must be recreated on a fundamentally new basis.

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A.O. Shilkova

arch. project - prof. A.V. Merenkov

TECHNIQUES AND MEANS OF TRANSFORMATION IN ARCHITECTURE

Today, the quality of the architectural environment can be realized through transformation - as one of the principles of constructing an architectural object. Increasingly, attempts are being made to solve existing problems in architecture using dynamic principles of shape formation.

In the research work, an attempt will be made to summarize the existing experience in the design and construction of dynamically changing architectural objects, paying attention to such an aspect of dynamic architecture as transformative architecture, to consider methods and means of transformation and to test the obtained materials in design work.

Transformative architecture- a type of architectural objects that are capable, depending on the goals and objectives set, of changing the volume, composition, internal structure of the building, and planning solutions. A characteristic difference is the possibility of daily regular and periodic change, transformation of the layout and space of buildings and structures over a certain period of time, in accordance with the requirements of the functional processes carried out in the building.

In general, transformation techniques can be classified into spatial, constructive, light-color and interactive.

Spatial transformation techniques– “qualitative” change in an architectural object through transformation internal elements while maintaining its overall constant dimensions. In this case, processes of internal adaptation of an architectural object occur within its outer shell.

Spatial transformation techniques make it possible to adapt buildings to changing conditions and factors throughout their entire lifespan, thereby ensuring multifunctional use, as well as improving performance and increasing the degree of comfort.

With the help of mobile structures, the problem of optimizing the static elements and parameters of buildings is solved; the transformed space creates an environment “without boundaries”.

Constructive methods of transformation –“quantitative” change in the overall dimensions of the building (transformation of developing buildings with the help of drop-down coverings, telescopically sliding parts of the building, sliding walls, etc.).
In this case, processes of external adaptation of an architectural object occur by changing its outer shell, which regulates the relationship between environmental conditions and controlled internal elements.

Constructive transformation techniques support the relationship of premises with environment and landscape. Thus, the clear boundaries of architecture are erased. Depending on the nature of the obstacle, the dynamics of the relationship between person – object – environment develops.

In addition, transformable facade systems are designed to regulate the microclimate parameters in the room, changing under the influence of factors external environment.

Light-color transformation techniques allow you to change the visual and semantic characteristics of the light environment, forming a new, more complex, dynamic artistic and virtual image. Using modern views media facades, interactive and LED technologies, it became possible to visually change the volumetric-spatial characteristics of the architectural environment and create a qualitatively new perception of space.

Interactive transformation techniques represent a self-organizing system in which, due to the interaction of a person with his environment, external or internal transformation of the architectural shell occurs. The building becomes an active installation where numerous control devices constantly communicate with other control devices, their users and the environment.

The results obtained were tested in the project of the Multifunctional Cultural Complex in Yekaterinburg. The project contains the principles of dynamic shaping, flexible planning solutions, ideas for the penetration of the external environment into the structure of the building and relationships with the environment, changing the spatial characteristics of the premises.

For example, by moving the stands of the sports hall and transforming the enclosing covering, the internal space of the complex is combined with the open theater. Thus, the number of spectator seats increases in the case of various outdoor events (theatrical performances, light and water shows). Through the use of various means of planning transformation (transformable partitions, lifting-lowering and rotating floor and ceiling mechanisms, transformable seats), a universal auditorium space was designed. This decision allows you to build multivariate configurations of the auditorium and stage space for various theater and film concert productions.

E.V. Akilova

Heads: NIRS – Assoc. M.V. Vinnitsky,

arch. project - Assoc. M.V. Vinnitsky

TRANSFORMATION OF THE APPEARANCE OF A BUILDING DURING OPERATION
AS A MEANS OF ARCHITECTURAL EXPRESSION

As an art form, architecture aesthetically shapes the human environment and expresses social ideas in artistic images. The nature of architecture lies in the interaction between the architect, the object and the public. Often architectural units are permanent, their appearance does not change over time. Which, of course, leads to dissonance with the constantly changing, developing values, ideals, and requirements of society.

Today, with the development of science and technology, in the context of globalization, the pace of these changes is only increasing. And those samples that were relevant yesterday are losing their significance today.

The time frame for designing and constructing a building is also being reduced, but it is still very significant. If we compare these terms, for example, with the pace of development of technical devices, where obsolescence of a product occurs within 5 years of its use, it turns out that when a building just enters the operational stage, it can no longer fully meet modern trends. Of course, it should be taken into account that obsolescence of a building does not occur after 5 years, but not after 20. In fact, obsolescence of a building is more often the reason for reconstruction than its physical wear and tear.

The relevance of the problem of adapting a building to constant changes in the surrounding reality is only increasing. With the acceleration of the pace of modern life, the need for continuous changes in images (fashion, style, brand) increases. At the same time, advances in science, the use of new materials and technologies make it possible to construct buildings with a long service life. It is inappropriate, from an economic and environmental point of view, to erect a building for a shorter period than the time of its physical deterioration.

Reconstruction, in order to preserve the original appearance of the building, may not always be the optimal solution. This solution is suitable for buildings that truly represent historical, aesthetic, and cultural value for the city. But there are also a large number standard projects, in which there is no individuality, for example, typical buildings of the second half of the 20th century. Today, such buildings are visually outdated and do not represent any artistic value. Therefore, in order for the appearance of a building to remain modern throughout its entire lifespan, a transformation of its appearance is necessary.

Changing the appearance is one of the most optimal ways to extend the “life” of a building.

V.S. Larionova

Heads: NIRS – prof. Yu.S. Yankovskaya,

arch. project - Assoc. V.V. Community

TRANSFORMABLE FACADES

Dynamic spatial objects using unexpected metaphors are increasingly used in the architectural practice of the modern period. Implement " new system» allow ultra-modern materials and technical means that came into architecture from aircraft manufacturing, space design and computer technology, as well as the rapidly developing development of innovative architectural modeling methods. Such interest in “new images” has a fruitful effect on the development of experimental architectural thought.

Today, during the period of “aggressive” economy and information expansion, architecture is also becoming part of communication fields, network infrastructure, and the system of investment deposits, that is, it is of interest not only from the point of view of the history of architecture, the history of technology, but is also in the zone of social research.

O.V. Zeiser

Head – prof. Yu.S. Yankovskaya

CONCEPT OF ADAPTABILITY OF SPORTS FACILITIES

The concept of adaptability determines the specifics of the formation of an architectural object, aimed at openness to changing the structure of a sports facility to meet the changing needs of a modern person and improve the organization of interactions with the external environment.

An architectural object must be capable of certain transformations based on the needs of users.

There are two main problems: first - theoretical problem formation and development of concepts of an architectural object, the second is a practical problem that reveals the existing possibilities for adaptation and transformation of various elements of a sports facility for various needs.

The urban environment, as a rule, is formed based on the needs of the average resident, but for people with disabilities such an environment becomes an obstacle course.

The Russian urban environment, unlike the European one, is just beginning to adapt to the needs of people with limited mobility. Today there is a lack of the necessary material and personnel base to provide the entire complex social services population and the introduction of modern rehabilitation technologies.

One of the tasks defined by the Strategy for Socio-Economic Development Sverdlovsk region, is the elimination or compensation of limitations in the life of disabled people and the promotion of social adaptation and integration into society.

In the modern urban environment, the following contradiction can be identified: newly created and reconstructed objects take into account accessibility requirements, but they can only be considered as “islands” of an accessible environment. In general, the urban environment is broken.

In practice, the movement of MGN is considered either within the space limited by the boundaries of the block, or along the streets. At the same time, the intersection of streets and roadways is one of the most difficult barriers. The “City Without Borders” concept aims to offer an option for comfortable movement of MGNs in conditions of a significant difference in relief elevations (lowering towards the river) and safe crossing of a main city street.

Within the framework of the concept, the following are proposed:

• MGN traffic diagram on the section along the Iset River, combined with a diagram of cultural, community and social service facilities;
• project of a residential area for disabled people;
• a theater project that takes into account the requirements of MGN;
• concept of a training water base for athletes with disabilities.

When designing various functional zones for MGN, the tasks of humanizing the urban environment are set; improvement functional organization; creating an aesthetically harmonious living environment.

The openness of the concept to urban space can become an impetus for the further development of a barrier-free environment in the city of Yekaterinburg.

Adaptive architecture receives information from the context and the person, unlike traditional architecture, it analyzes the data and makes decisions about transformation. Adaptability can work in cycles (short - an hour, a day; long - a season, a year) for different levels: from dynamic facade elements to probabilistic urban planning models. By reacting and being in continuous interaction with the user, nature and surrounding parameters, architecture begins to correspond to the times. The concept of “adaptive architecture” is key in the practice of SA lab. Working at the intersection of programming with other disciplines, a team of young architects is forming a modern approach to design that matches the rapid speed of life.

The world is changing rapidly.

Immediately, continuously, daily.

Isolation architecture

The city is a complex dynamic developing system in which micro and macro changes constantly occur, cultural and information layers are layered. People's needs, principles of movement, methods of organizing space - everything is changing. Besides architecture.

For many centuries, architecture has remained static and has minimal potential for transformation. Such an architecture isolates itself from the end user without entering into a dialogue with him. Over time, traditionally there are only two options left: renovation or destruction.

But there are other options.

Architecture of change

Nowadays architecture incorporates many disciplines. It is now possible to operate with huge layers of information, discarding what is unnecessary and identifying unexpected patterns. We cannot accurately predict the future, but we also cannot afford to work in a modern city using outdated methods.

The answer to the constantly changing demands of time and people can be adaptive solutions in architecture and urban planning, which build a mutual relationship between man, city and nature, push them towards more beneficial interaction and create opportunities for their further coexistence and evolution.

Dynamic models of urban processes based on BIG DATA, new technologies and construction methods will allow architecture to analyze information at different levels and “rebuild” online. The city will become an autonomous self-organizing structure.

Adaptation can occur at different levels and on different scales, be spatial and temporal in nature, taking into account urban planning, social, economic, climatic, environmental and other parameters.

City level

According to the UN, more than 70% of the world's inhabitants will live in cities in 2050. How can cities, old and new, adapt to increasing populations and the consequences of these changes?

The transformation at the urban planning level is based on probabilistic models built taking into account dynamic geoinformation data and, for example, cellular automata as a method of processing them.

Cellular automata are mathematical systems that allow you to simulate complex natural processes using a set of simple rules. Using them, you can combine artificial and natural methods of organizing urban space.

We have developed a single algorithm that, in each specific situation, will take into account priority parameters and contextually integrate into the urban fabric. Taking into account cultural and urban planning features, a structural grid with certain dimensions is being developed, which is gradually filled in depending on emerging needs.

The algorithm is not a complete system, but can be supplemented if necessary.

SA lab. Algorithm. The concept of a mixed urban block. 2017

An alternative to cellular automata for data analysis can be neural networks. Thus, control of urban processes can be carried out jointly with artificial intelligence.

In the future, the architecture will become more mobile. The constant movement of people over short or long distances will occur due to moving elements of buildings or entire blocks. In this case, people will no longer be hostages to one place or another, because mobile clusters will appear that can change location.

SA lab. Algorithm. The concept of a mixed urban block. 2017

The use of such algorithms to adapt to changing conditions will lead to the emergence of safer and more attractive cities and will make it possible to transform individual static city blocks into self-organizing multifunctional autonomous systems.

SA lab. SwarmScraper. Adaptive megastructure. 2015

SA lab. SwarmScraper. Adaptive megastructure. Modular element. 2015

Environment level

Architecture should not cause the disappearance of natural habitats for flora and fauna. On the contrary, it should be a stimulus and impetus for their maintenance, regeneration and development.

The ability to respond to weather, climatic, environmental parameters depending on the time of day, year, level of illumination or pollution and other factors gives architecture the opportunity to build a dialogue with the environment, integrating human life into it in the most natural way possible.

Modular design solutions offer particular potential for developing adaptability at this level.

For example, you can seasonally increase the area and length of the coastline by placing modular pontoons.

Preserve the landscape as much as possible, “raising” public spaces above it.

You can explore nature from different perspectives without causing any harm to it.

Or use dynamic structures that respond to environmental parameters. Such modules solve several problems at once: they collect rainwater, accumulate solar energy, “open up” and create a shady space during the day and a varied space in the evening. If necessary, the number of modules can be increased or decreased.

At the “environment” and “building” levels, materials that can change their physical characteristics based on environmental parameters are of particular interest. For example, bimetals that transform when heated/cooled allow the formation of kinetic structures.

SA lab. Adaptive design of public spaces. 2018

Thus, using simple design principles, it is possible to ensure sufficient flexibility of the entire system.

The creation of adaptive environmental elements will improve the level of the territory and ensure the connection of the new with the existing environment.

Building level

We spend most of our lives indoors. The planning structure of buildings should be as open as possible to ensure the possibility of adapting the object in the event of a change in its function.

SA lab. O-HOUSE. Comfortable residential modules. 2017

Transformable planning solutions make it possible to adapt the geometry of the room, dividing a single space into separate rooms, or combining individual parts into a large open space. Thus, architecture adapts to people even at the interior level.

The ability to autonomously complete or reprint building blocks and structural elements, change external and internal solutions will significantly increase the service life of structures, their environmental friendliness, efficiency and attractiveness.

SA lab. Adaptive design. 2018

Interaction Architecture

Adaptive architecture is an extra-left approach that works successfully at different levels and is characterized by continuity of development.

Interaction architecture is a way of connecting people, cities and nature, which is based on the concept of interaction as a key aspect of development. It combines processes occurring at different levels into a single flexible system taking into account the necessary parameters.

This approach allows us to solve existing problems, develop and respond to the challenges of the time. Thanks to adaptability, a person’s quality of life improves on a psychological and physical level.

Interacting with the city, nature, people.

• Graphic arts:SA lab

Humanity has been erecting transforming buildings and structures for many years - just remember drawbridges. However, today dynamic architecture has entered a new stage, changing in a matter of moments not only its function or our environment, but also the quality of life.

Any transformation of a large object - be it the already mentioned raising of bridges, or the opening of secret doors on the dial of a tower clock, or turning a wall into a screen for video mapping - is always a spectacle, always an attraction. It is no coincidence that such techniques are most in demand in buildings that are themselves in one way or another connected with spectacle: theaters, museums, exhibition galleries, sports arenas.

For example, retractable roofs at stadiums have already become almost a common place, starting from our Sochi with quite simple mechanism transformation and ending with the Olympic one in Madrid by Dominique Perrault, in which the roof, consisting of three movable “covers”, can take up to 27 different configurations. It all depends on what is needed at the moment - to let in more sun and air or, conversely, to protect the courts from wind and rain. The concrete slabs are lined with aluminum panels, driven by hydraulic mechanisms, and the largest “lid” weighs 1,200 tons!

The London Aquatics Center during the 2012 Olympics. Zaha Hadid

Spatial tricks are also functionally justified in exhibition centers and galleries. If only because the organization of any exhibition involves the need to create new scenery - just like in the theater. For example, in the New York Sperone Westwater Gallery, Sir Norman Foster, solving the problem of increasing exhibition areas doubled within the limited building area, I came up with the idea of ​​​​making a gallery-elevator. The parallelepiped, measuring 3.6 x 6 meters, moves inside the “shaft” - an elongated glazed vertical volume - and is perfectly visible from the street thanks to its bright red color. This elevator can be used as a separate small hall through which visitors will be “teleported” to other levels of the building, or “parked” on one of the floors and use its space as a continuation of another exhibition.

An even more daring approach to transforming museum space was shown by Rem Koolhaas (OMA) in his project for Prada in Seoul. The pavilion was called the Prada-transformer. It is a complex spatial figure - a steel frame covered with fabric, the same as is used for covers of airplanes, yachts and other large objects. He laid the figure on one side - and there was a cross at the base, and the rest of the walls acquired the same configuration. I put it on another - and now the floor became round, and the space changed dramatically. At the same time, the shape is thought out so that with every turn the entrance to the pavilion (on the usual “Velcro”, which is used in sports jackets or tents) remains within reach.

However, designers, together with their clients, of residential buildings often experience a craving for spectacle. Not long ago, archspeech with David Fisher (Dynamic Architecture) - the author of the world's first rotating skyscraper. His idea is to place wind turbines on each floor, which will not only rotate the floor modules, opening up new views for apartment residents, but also generate enough energy for the building to be self-sufficient. So far, the implementation of the project is in doubt, but in a conversation Fisher hinted that the first such skyscraper could appear in Miami, and its owner would be able to control the movement of the penthouse located at the very top with his voice.

In the meantime, the ideas of dynamic architecture in residential construction are being implemented on a small scale. The young filmmaker's Caja Obscura summer home in Paraguay, near Asuncion, when closed, looks more like a garage: a sandstone plinth topped with a concrete slab on which rests a “box” of galvanized steel sheets. In fact, the “box” turns out to be a lid, which, rising from one end, reveals a second floor with a terrace, living room and kitchen in the back. According to the project of the architect Xavier Colan, the mechanism is driven by a conventional winch. For some, this process may resemble raising a flag, but for a home owner, it is more like turning the crank of an old movie camera. Moreover, the winch is located on the second floor, on the front edge of the roof slab, and as the roof is raised, the landscape unfolds right before your eyes, as if on a giant screen.

But the owners of the house in Suffolk, East England, have to use an electric drive - because they have to move a module with a roof, walls and windows 28 meters long and weighing 50 tons along specially designed rails. London architects dRMM embarked on a bold experiment codenamed Sliding House. Deftly and almost silently moving between the main house, guest house and garage, the module either protects the outdoor pool from the weather, then darkens the panoramic windows of the glass living room (and then it becomes possible to watch a movie in it even during the day), or hides the roof terrace with a bathtub installed on it. Or it can turn into an additional canopy for cars (although the owner prefers motorcycles) or a canopy over the entrance to the house. Traveling the longest section takes only 6 minutes!

Housing should be a transformable system that corresponds to the dynamics of the family’s lifestyle itself. A system of planning organization of the apartment must be found that would allow for the further transformation of internal spaces and obtain new options that also satisfy functional and aesthetic requirements. For example, in multi-room apartments of modern construction, a free layout of rooms is laid out, implemented in agreement with the owner.

IN general view transformation of the interior space of the apartment can be divided into:

Daily allowance (transformation of children's and bedrooms);

Short-term (transformation of common rooms when receiving guests, celebrations, etc.);

Seasonal (for example, including summer premises in a living or utility area);

Demographic (in connection with the entry of the family into a new period of formation).

At the same time, the planning decisions of reconstructed buildings are influenced by its structural design, i.e. location in space of walls, pillars, columns. Moreover, the presence of an already existing skeleton forces us to take the reverse sequence of planning decisions during reconstruction compared to new construction, including next steps:

Dividing the wall frame into separate sections with existing or newly constructed staircases;

Distribution of sections into apartment cells (located on one or two levels);

Allocation of residential and auxiliary zones in each apartment cell (while simultaneously linking with the placement of engineering equipment and newly organized or existing sanitary and technical communications).

The possibility of choosing the layout of apartments (linear, two-sided, corner and end), the number, size and proportions of rooms, as well as ensuring ventilation and insolation are determined by the size and ratio of the width of the building and the distance between the staircases. The solution to the kitchen and sanitary unit deserves special attention, which largely determines the level of comfort of the reconstructed housing.

1. For small-room apartments, it is convenient to place the kitchen and sanitary unit in a compact group at the entrance to the apartment. This ensures a sufficient level of insulation of living rooms, and also avoids the need for a corridor.

2. In case of high complexity or impossibility of relocating existing sanitary communications, the kitchen and sanitary unit can be located in the depths of the apartment. In this case, communication with the hallway and rooms is carried out through the corridor.

3. In large multi-room apartments, the greatest convenience is provided by the separation of the kitchen and sanitary unit (and, possibly, duplication of its elements). For example, a kitchen and a toilet with a sink are located at the entrance to the apartment, and a bathroom and a second toilet are located in the back of the apartment, next to the bedrooms.