Since vertical mobility is present to one degree or another in any society, there are certain paths, or channels, through which individuals can most effectively move up or down the social ladder. They are called channels of social mobility or social lift.
The most important channels of social mobility, according to P. Sorokin, are: army, church, school, political, economic and professional organizations.
Let's start with the army. Service in it at all times made it possible to move up the social ladder. Losses during wars among the command staff led to the filling of vacancies by people of lower ranks.
The choice of a social mobility lift is of great importance in choosing a profession and in recruiting personnel. P. A. Sorokin named eight elevators along which people move up or down the steps of the social ladder in the course of their personal career. The theory of personality types allows you to make recommendations for the choice of these elevators. The psychologist and the technician are complete opposites of each other, the speaker and the theorist are also opposites of each other, so the technique is strictly forbidden to choose the elevators recommended for the psychologist, and the speaker - the elevators for the theorist. As a last resort, the speaker can choose the elevators recommended for the psychologist and the technician, but the speaker will always be somewhat inferior to these types in a professional respect when using their elevators. Other types are appropriate.
Thus, there are eight vertical mobility elevators:
Army. 36 Roman emperors (Caesar, Augustus, etc.) out of 92 reached their position thanks to military service. 12 out of 65 Byzantine emperors achieved their status for the same reason. This elevator is for speakers. Speakers are better than other types of personality are able to manage soldiers, have a penchant for adventurism, are able to make the right decision in a short time and in the absence of complete information about the situation. All the great commanders were speakers - Alexander the Great, Caesar, Napoleon, Alexander Nevsky, Suvorov, Kutuzov, Cromwell, Zhukov. The emergence of a large number of sophisticated equipment in the modern army has opened up opportunities for the employment of technicians in secondary roles.
Church. The significance of this lift reached its climax in the Middle Ages, when the bishop was also a landlord, when the Pope could dismiss kings and emperors, for example, Pope Gregory 7 in 1077 deposed, humiliated and excommunicated the German emperor Henry 7. Out of 144 28 popes were of simple origin, 27 came from the middle classes. The institution of celibacy prohibited Catholic priests from marrying and having children, therefore, after their death, the vacated positions were occupied by new people, which prevented the formation of a hereditary oligarchy and accelerated the process of vertical mobility. The Prophet Muhammad was at first a simple merchant, and then became the ruler of Arabia. This elevator is for psychologists. In the church, only men are selected for the role of priests, so women psychologists are forced to realize their abilities in a monastery, sect, practicing witchcraft and black magic. Psychologists, unlike other personality types, have a penchant for spirituality and a fanatical belief in supernatural powers. Church leadership is sometimes infiltrated by speakers completely devoid of fanaticism. All the founders of religion - Christ, Muhammad, Buddha - were psychologists.
School and scientific organizations. In ancient China, the school was the main elevator in society. On the recommendations of Confucius, a system of educational selection (selection) was built. Schools were open to all classes, the best students were transferred to higher schools, and then to universities, from there the best students went to the government and to the highest government and military posts. There was no hereditary aristocracy. The Mandarin government in China was a government of intellectuals who knew how to write literary works, but did not understand business and did not know how to fight, so China more than once became an easy prey for nomads (Mongols and Manchus) and European colonizers. Business and politics should be the main elevators in modern society. The school elevator was also of great importance in Turkey under Suleiman the Magnificent (1522-1566) when talented children from all over the country were sent to special schools, then to the Janissary corps, and then to the guard and state apparatus. In ancient India, the lower castes were not eligible for education, i.e. the school elevator moved only upstairs. Today in the United States you cannot hold a public office without a university degree. Of the 829 British geniuses, 71 were the sons of unskilled workers. 4% of Russian academics came from peasants, for example, Lomonosov. This elevator is designed for theorists, they are the ones who are able to learn from the heart. Pupils-speakers do not like to study or study only for the sake of good grades, therefore it is the speakers who are the organizers of the disruption of the lesson. Technicians are cramps. Psychologists strive to beg the teacher for good grades. In science, there is the following division of labor: the role of theorists is for theorists, the role of the experimenter is for technicians. For speakers prone to plagiarism, the role of organizer of scientific conferences remains, while psychologists - the role of a utopian. All the great scientists - Euclid, Archimedes, Aristotle, Newton, Lomonosov, Comte - were theorists. All inventors in engineering, such as Faraday and Edison, were technicians. All utopians, like Plato and Marx, were psychologists.
The political lift, i.e. government groups and parties. The first grade in politics is the speaker, the second grade is the psychologist, the third grade is the technician, and the fourth grade is the theoretician. It is the speakers who know how to win in such types of political conflict as elections, insurrection and civil war. It is the speakers who know how to manage a political party and command an armed detachment. The psychologist has the highest level of skill in organizing conspiracies, political assassinations, terrorist acts, and behind the scenes struggle of bureaucratic cliques. The role of the tyrant is for the psychologist. The technician can only gain power by inheritance or patronage. The role of the official is for the technician. The role of a ruler's advisor is for the theorist. Political speakers are "lions", psychologists are "foxes", technicians are conservatives, theorists are reformers. Yeltsin, Gorbachev, Khrushchev, Lenin, Peter 1, Catherine 2, Bill Clinton, Churchill, Mussolini, Zhirinovsky, Luzhkov, Nemtsov are examples of speakers in politics. Stalin, Hitler, Ivan the Terrible, Nero, Caligula, Brezhnev are examples of psychologists in politics. Putin, Molotov, Kosygin, Nikolai 2, Bush, Nikolai 1, Alexander 3 are examples of technicians in politics. Gaidar, Gref, Novodvorskaya, Sakharov, Sobchak are examples of theorists in politics.
The factors of social mobility at the micro level are the individual's social environment, as well as his aggregate life resource, and at the macro level, the state of the economy, the level of scientific and technological development, the nature of the political regime, the prevailing system of stratification, the nature of natural conditions, etc.
Social mobility is measured using indicators: the volume of mobility is the number of individuals or social strata who have moved up the social ladder in a vertical direction over a certain period of time, and the distance of mobility is the number of steps that an individual or group managed to climb or descend.
How, then, within the framework of a stable social structure of society, is social mobility, that is, the movement of individuals along this very social structure? It is obvious that such a movement within the framework of a complexly organized system cannot occur spontaneously, disorganized, and chaotically. Unorganized, spontaneous movements are possible only during periods of social instability, when the social structure is shaken, loses stability, and collapses. In a stable social structure, significant movements of individuals occur in strict accordance with a developed system of rules for such movements (stratification system). To change his status, an individual most often must not only have a desire for that, but also get approval from the social environment. Only in this case is a real change in status possible, which will mean a change by the individual of his position within the social structure of society. So, if a boy or girl decides to become students of a certain university (acquire student status), then their desire will be only the first step on the way to the status of a student of this university. Obviously, in addition to personal aspiration, it is also important that the applicant meets the requirements that apply to everyone who has expressed a desire to study in this specialty. Only after confirmation of such compliance (for example, during entrance examinations), the applicant achieves the assignment of the desired status to him - the applicant becomes a student.
In modern society, the social structure of which is very complex and institutionalized, most social movements are associated with certain social institutions. That is, most statuses exist and are meaningful only within the framework of specific social institutions. The status of a student or teacher cannot exist apart from the institution of education; statuses of a doctor or patient - apart from the institute of health care; the statuses of a candidate or doctor of sciences - outside the institute of science. This gives rise to the idea of \u200b\u200bsocial institutions as a kind of social spaces, within which most of the status changes take place. Such spaces are called channels of social mobility.
In the strict sense, we mean such social structures, mechanisms, methods that can be used to implement social mobility. As mentioned above, in modern society, social institutions most often act as such channels. Bodies of political power, political parties, public organizations, economic structures, professional labor organizations and unions, the army, the church, the education system, family and clan ties are of primary importance. Organized crime structures that have their own mobility system, but often have a strong influence on the “official” channels of mobility (for example, corruption), are also of great importance today.
In their totality, the channels of social mobility act as an integral system, complementing, limiting, stabilizing each other's activities. As a result, we can talk about a universal system of institutional and legal procedures for moving individuals along a stratification structure, which is a complex mechanism of social selection. In the event of any attempt by an individual to improve his social position, that is, to raise his social status, he will be, to one degree or another, "tested" for compliance with the requirements for the holder of this status. Such a "test" can be formal (exam, testing), semi-formal (probation, interview) and informal (the decision is made solely due to the personal inclinations of the testers, but on the basis of their ideas about the desired qualities of the subject) procedures.
For example, to enter a university, you must pass entrance exams. But in order to be accepted into a new family, you need to go through a long process of getting to know the existing rules and traditions, confirm your loyalty to them, and get the approval of the leading members of this family. Obviously, in each specific case, there is both a formal need to meet certain requirements (level of knowledge, special training, physical data), and a subjective assessment of the individual's efforts on the part of the test. Depending on the situation, either the first or the second component is more important.
It can be concluded that theorists are able to make a career with only one scientific lift at the expense of a small number of worthy competitors, since the share of theorists in the population - 3% - is negligible. The career of a theoretician resembles a railroad - from station to station, from stage to stage, strictly according to a schedule, according to a long-term plan. But he is incapable of pursuing any other career other than a scientific career. Making a career alone without the support of friends and associates is a difficult task.
Technicians occupy a stable middle position on the social ladder due to the fact that they are the second rather than last class when using many important elevators. Technicians make their careers slowly and surely, they diligently crawl up the steps of the social ladder and never change from one elevator to another, they prefer to receive power by inheritance.
SOCIAL ELEVATORS
AS A MEANS OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
| Romanova Kira Stepanovna,
Institute of Philosophy and Law "Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
senior Researcher, Philosophy Department,
"^ N | candidate of philosophical sciences, associate professor,
Yekaterinburg, Russia,
E-mail: [email protected]
annotation
In the article, the author examines the role and importance of social lifts for the development of social dynamics. Social elevators have been present in the history of society from the very beginning. Historical types of states and forms of ownership determined the dominant importance of these social elevators, often simultaneously launching illusory elevators. The destruction of the system of social elevators leads to the degradation of society, because without them it is impossible either to build a modern society, or to launch the mechanisms of economic growth.
Keywords:
social lift, mobility, dynamics, personality, state.
The fundamental theory of social dynamics, spanning many centuries, different countries and cultures, belongs to the outstanding founder of the Russian and American sociological schools, Pitirim Sorokin, and has not yet been fully mastered. Analyzing the principle of immanent change in sociocultural systems, P. Sorokin concludes that: 1) the basis (or reason) for the change of any sociocultural system lies in it itself, and one should not look for it elsewhere; 2) an additional reason for changing the system is the environment, which, in turn, consists mainly of immanently changing systems; 3) any sociocultural system that changes immanently, continuously generates a number of immanent consequences, which, in turn, change not only the environment, the surrounding system, but also the system itself. When
Currently, there is a renewed interest in social mobility as a form of social dynamics. This is due to the global migration of the population, which repaints the skin color of the European population, changes its religiosity (Islamization), and the relative impoverishment of peoples, and the collapse of the communist camp led by the Soviet Union. Along with the collapse of communist ideology, the importance of the critical paradigm has grown, recording the collapse of downward social mobility and a sharp increase in inequality in post-Soviet societies. Self-understanding by society of its real state is only the basis for finding ways out of it.
Social mobility is a change by an individual or a group of social position,
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place occupied in the social structure. The source of social mobility is the social heterogeneity of society, its socio-economic stratification. The reasons for social mobility are revolutions and other similar changes, wars and military conflicts, enrichment, ruin (bankruptcy). The vector orientation of mobility can be horizontal and vertical. Horizontal mobility is primarily territorial or geographic mobility. Vertical mobility, in turn, can be upward, that is, one that "enlarges" the personality, improves its social status in many ways, and downward, which is associated with the loss of social positions.
Pitirim Sorokin identified three main social lifts: army, family and church. In practice, there are many more options for social lifts. Each historical time and each society has its own system of social lifts, which made it possible to optimize the conditions under which a person, regardless of the social status of his parents, had a relative opportunity to try to climb the social ladder. In Soviet times, society was building communism, it was a global intangible idea that united the people, and with a relatively poor people, it made it possible for society as a whole to achieve success based on the enthusiasm and social activity of the individual. In this historical period, the army, the political party (including the Komsomol), education (especially higher and possibly postgraduate and doctoral studies) played a decisive role in social mobility as social lifts. Prison played a special role as a social elevator. During the period of aggravation of repressions, the prison was a downward social lift. And in the 90s of the last century, the prison for many was an upward elevator, especially for the so-called "thieves in law" with their "common funds", that is, the general cash registers, which were the basis for the primary accumulation of capital in new
market relations, where criminal connections played an important role.
The 90s are a time of yet another historical Russian turmoil, the fruits of which we are still reaping. Anger against the rich, mistrust of the authorities serving them, lack of confidence in society that professionalism and socially responsible behavior will be rewarded, today in society lead to social apathy as a mass phenomenon. Social apathy is determined by regional differences in socio-economic development, their remoteness from the center of Russia and provincialism. Low standard of living, lumpenization, growth of radical sentiments. All these listed problems have one common cause - non-working social elevators. Hence the dominance of horizontal mobility, primarily the intrigues of another geographic place of residence.
Social elevators are developed in Western European countries that declare equality of human rights and try to provide their citizens with equal starting opportunities. International sociological data show that the launch of "social lifts" in many third world countries helps to overcome the "resource-based economy". For Russia, at present, overcoming the dominance of the raw material component in the economy is one of the important tasks. As former Minister of Economy A. Kudrin notes: “If we understand that our GDP per capita is half that in developed countries, then we have to play by the rules of a market economy. Modernization is required, connected with the improvement of a person's position, his abilities to reveal himself not by pull, not by distorted social lifts, but by virtue of his own abilities. "
In modern Russia, the leading place among social lifts is objectively occupied by the institution of property. The source and method of accumulation of property is absolutely not important. Its volume is important. Hence, there is total corruption and the desire to get rich in any way. The ability to escape from criminal responsibility
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in the first place, criminal methods of appropriation on an especially large scale of social wealth make territorial forms of mobility attractive, especially to those countries that easily give political asylum and do not betray other people's criminals.
For its ideological support, the authorities always needed professionally trained, proactive, independent, patriotic people - they could only be trained by a higher school. Higher education is the next most important social lift in a number of Western countries. But the state of the Russian education system is such that high-quality competitive higher education is still only for rich and well-off people. The introduction of the USE declared the equalization of the starting opportunities of applicants, but in reality they have a different basis of knowledge, which is hidden behind the tests of a single exam. Therefore, Russian education is a very unreliable elevator. Education, of course, enriches the individual spiritually and professionally, but does not guarantee progress on the social ladder.
In the process of training specialists, higher education helps to overcome the marginality of students in society, which is associated with their lack of a strong and final fixation in the social structure, the instability of the social state, and the mobility of social and everyday dependence in their environment. This does not mean that the influence of social origin on the student's personality ceases, it continues to remain an important factor in motivating his social activities, but it does not act directly, but indirectly, through the formation of a professional and moral culture that contributes to the integration of the former student into another social group.
Family and marriage as social lifts run through the entire history of society. In modern Russia, according to specialists from the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the children of the poor, who make up almost half of the country's population, are simply not able to take advantage of the opportunities provided by the modern economic system. They
cannot get a high-quality education, find a good high-paying job, or make a career. Children of the elite are immersed in a different culture from their "youngest nails", study foreign languages, receive a prestigious education, mostly abroad, where, at the time of their stay, friendly and business ties and relations necessary for further social mobility are formed.
The institution of marriage, not only in legal but also in civil form, is in demand today as a social lift, which often acts as an illusion. Hundreds of manuals on how to marry a millionaire are published in huge numbers. Thousands of girls from the provinces (villages, towns and small towns) migrated to the capital and large cities where the rich live, willingly to sell themselves in any capacity for more favorable social conditions of life. Indeed, only a few manage to change their social status with the help of this social lift.
The army is the dominant social lift in many countries. Argentina, Brazil, Israel and others can serve as an example. Historically in Israel, military service acts as a guarantee (social lift) for successful political activity. In the Soviet Union, the army was also one of the dominant social lifts. Service in the army allowed not only to ascend vertically within its structure, but at the same time allowed to migrate from village to city.
The next important factor for achieving a certain social status was joining the party, which was stretched out in time (candidate term) and burdened with special assignments. By interacting with each other, social elevators either accelerated the ascent of the social ladder, or the fall. For example, expulsion from a party or Komsomol automatically entailed expulsion from a university.
Currently, the army is not a special social lift. It is of interest only to those people who have professionally decided to associate themselves with military affairs.
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Many citizens are actively looking for reasons for evading military service, considering being in it wasted time. Political parties, the number of which is unlimited and whose social statuses are different, today also have limited significance for the mobility of the individual.
Russian television and other mass media organize dozens of various competitive programs, the essence of which boils down to one thing: show yourself in the competition - and you will become a famous, in-demand, “star”. Even if we consider this model of social lift as ideal (when everyone can become a participant), it is also able to promote only a few. For all their seeming harmlessness, such illusory social elevators are fraught with considerable danger to society. They create the illusion of successful vertical mobility, distracting society from a real lack of opportunities to move up the social ladder.
One cannot but agree with V. Yablonsky, Director of the Social Projects Department of the Agency for Strategic Initiatives: “The mechanism of social lift as a component of social mobility is one of the main tools for improving the quality of management of the social sphere in particular and the state in general. Renewal of elites through this mechanism, subject to its objectivity, is the most effective way to ensure that the management mechanism of society and the state meets modern challenges. During the Soviet period, stable mechanisms of vertical and horizontal mobility were formed, providing almost equal access to career growth, at least to a certain level, and providing a similar standard of living for specialists regardless of the region. Today this system has been practically dismantled, and those small fragments that have remained are certainly outdated. The society of the post-Soviet period has formed new quasi-models of social lifts, but their key problem is bias and
lack of equal access to the start (lack of publicly available forms of participation) ”.
Human social activity is biologically predetermined, because movement is a way of existence of all living things. At the same time, the environment of existence can both suppress and facilitate activity. It is no coincidence that President V. Putin notes: “First of all, people should feel positive changes - and, first of all, through the expansion of their own capabilities. But the engine of growth must and will be precisely the initiative of citizens. In Russia, a system of social mobility, social lifts, corresponding to modern society, should be formed in full. We need to learn how to compensate for the negative social consequences of the market economy and the inequality organically generated by it. ".
Stagnation, social apathy, low standard of living, growth of radical sentiments - all these interrelated problems have a common basis - non-working social elevators. Social elevators act as a means of social dynamics of society, which allows its members to move from one social group (estates, classes, strata) to another. Without effective social elevators and a clear system for using them, it is impossible to launch the mechanisms of economic growth and active social dynamics of modern Russian society. The presence of a developed system of social elevators is not only a guarantee of overcoming social injustice for a person, but also a guarantee of the development of the state, which will be able to overcome the raw material dominant of the country's economy.
1. Kudrin Alexey The Higher School of Economics has given a recipe for the renewal of the Russian economy "Vedomosti", 03.04.2013, № 57 (3319).
2. V.V. Putin. Russia Is Concentrating - Challenges We Must Answer, Izvestia, 16.01.2012
3. Sorokin Pitirim Social and Cultural Dynamics: A Study of Changes in Large Systems of Art, Truth, Ethics, Law and Social Relations / Per. from English, SPB6EKHGI, 2000.1056 p. S. 747-748.
4. Vladimir Yablonsky. Ineffective models of social lift have developed in Russia, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 14.11.2011.
VII Russian Philosophical Congress
---------------; - Issledovanie izmenenij vbol "shixsistemaxiskusstva, istiny, e" tiki,
1. Kudrin Aleksej VShE dala recept obnovleniya prava i obshhestvennyx otnoshenij / Per. s angl., SPB6RXGI,
rossijskoj e "konomiki" Vedomosti ", 03.04.2013, No. 57 (3319). 2000 1056 s S 747-748
2. V.V. Putin. Rossiya sosredotachivaetsya - vyzovy, na 4 Vladimir Yablonskij. VRossii slozhilis "nee" ffektivnye
kotorye my dolzhny otvetit ", Izvestiya, 16.01.2012. modeli social" nogo lifta, Rossijskaya Gazeta, 14.11.2011.
3. Sorokin Pitirim Social "naya i kiPshpaua dinamika:
SOCIAL ELEVATORS
AS A MEANS OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
Romanova Yuga Stepanovna,
The Institute of Philosophy and Law,
Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Associate Professor, Senior Researcher of the Department of Philosophy, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences,
Ekaterinburg, Russia,
E-mail: [email protected]
In the article the author considers the role and value of social elevators for the development of social dynamics. Social elevators were presented in the history of the society from the very beginning. Historical types of states and the forms of ownership are determined the dominant significance of social mobility, often launching in parallel illusionary elevators. The destruction of the system of social elevators lead to the degradation of society, because without them it is impossible either to build a modem society, to launch mechanisms of economic growth.
Social elevators, mobility, dynamics, personality, state.
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METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF STUDYING THE PHENOMENON OF MOBILITY IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY
Savin Vladimir Nikolaevich,
Ural State Agrarian University, Associate Professor of the Department of Management and Law, Candidate of Philosophy,
Yekaterinburg, Russia
Fateeva Natalya Borisovna,
Ural State Agrarian University, Senior Lecturer at the Department of Management and Law, Yekaterinburg, Russia,
annotation
The article analyzes the practical aspects of various modern methodological approaches to the study of social mobility, developed in Russia and abroad. Particular attention is paid to the relationship of such an aspect of the phenomenon of mobility as adaptation-maladjustment. The concept of building a multilevel hierarchy of classification of adaptation and maladjustment processes in professional mobility is proposed.
Keywords:
mobility, social mobility, methodology of social sciences, labor and professional mobility, adaptation, maladjustment.
In modern Russia, the problem of social mobility is becoming especially urgent. The term "social mobility" was introduced into sociology by P. Sorokin. A theoretically consistent and holistic study of the phenomenon of social mobility was very clearly expressed by P.A. Sorokin, who immediately pointed out the need to understand it as a social process. "To quantify the processes of social mobility, indicators of the speed and intensity of mobility are usually used." P. Sorokin defined the rate of mobility as a vertical social distance or the number of strata - economic, professional, political
physical, which an individual passes in his movement up or down for a certain period of time. The intensity of mobility is understood as the number of individuals changing their positions in the vertical or horizontal direction over a certain period of time. The number of such individuals in any social community gives the absolute intensity of mobility, and their share in the total number of this social community shows relative mobility.
“By combining the indicators of the speed and intensity of mobility,” wrote Sorokin, “we will get a cumulative mobility index that can be calculated
1. The division of society into groups is called:
1) social displacement
2) social stratification
3) social adaptation
4) social behavior
2. P. Sorokin refers to "social lifts":
2) church
4) all of the above
3. Marginal people are called:
1) the richest members of society
2) the poorest members of society
4) boundary layers and groups
4. Social status is acquired as a result of:
1) labor activity
2) learning process
3) family education
4) socialization
5. Is the judgment correct?
A. The strata are distinguished according to one essential feature.
B. The stratification of society is based on many criteria.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
6. Are the following judgments about social mobility correct?
A. In modern society, horizontal mobility is possible.
B. In modern society, vertical mobility is possible.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
7. Are the following judgments about the situation in Russia correct?
A. In the last decade, social differentiation of the population has increased in Russia.
B. An acute social problem in Russia is the decline in the status of many mass intellectual professions.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are true
4) both judgments are wrong
8. Which of the listed social groups does not have a common socially significant feature?
2) the elderly
3) men
4) youth
9. Self-regulation by an individual of his behavior in accordance with generally accepted social norms is:
1) self-control
2) self-education
3) socialization
4) self-realization
10. Indicators of prescribed personality status include:
1) career
2) age
3) qualifications
4) education
11. What is an example of horizontal social mobility?
1) promotion
2) demotion of the officer to the soldier
3) obtaining a second working specialty
4) demotion.
12. Choose an example of upward social mobility.
1) The actor moved from one theater to another
Football coach has moved from one team to another
Director's assistant received an invitation to take the position of chief director
The officer was demoted to the rank and file
13. The social status of a person is
1) behavior expected from the individual
2) the position of a person in society
3) assessment of the position taken by the individual
4) characteristics of the social qualities of a person
14. Establish the correspondence of the concepts given in the first column, the definitions given in the second.
Concept Definition
1. Horizontal mobility A. Moving from one stratum
to another.
2. Social differentiation. B. The position of the person in
society.
3. Social status. B. Division of society into
groups occupying different
position.
4. Vertical mobility. D. The transition of an individual from one
groups to another,
located on one
and the same level
Answer: 1-D 2-B 3-B 4-A
abstract
FROM social mobility. 2. Concept social mobility and its types Term social mobility introduced by P. Sorokin in work 1927. Sorokin ... relate to societies where schools are available to all members. In such a society " social elevator"Moves ...
Educational-methodical complex of discipline specialty: 050715.65 Special psychology Krasnoyarsk 2013
Training and metodology complex11. Social institutions promoting social mobility are called: Social elevators. Social in groups. Social relationships. Social classes. 12. K " social elevators" P. Sorokin attributed: 1) Army ...
Social mobility. Social stratification issues were not included in the circle of interests
Document... socially- demographic communities relate men ... social stability; social inequality; social behavior; social mobility. Questions social stratification was not part of P. Sorokin ... 4 social elevator estate ...
Others are called channels social mobility or social elevators... To them include army service, education ... of the domestic and American sociological schools of P.A. Sorokin "Person. Civilization. Society". If the economic ...
Social mobility
Social mobility is divided into vertical and horizontal.
Vertical mobility - promotion of a person up or down the career ladder.
- Upward mobility - social uplift, upward movement (For example: promotion).
- Downward mobility - social descent, downward movement (For example: demotion).
Horizontal mobility- the transition of an individual from one social group to another,
located at the same level. Distinguish between individual mobility - the movement of one person independently of the others, and group - the movement occurs collectively. In addition, geographic mobility is distinguished - moving from one place to another while maintaining the previous status. As a type of geographic mobility, the concepts of migration are distinguished - movement from one place to another with a change of status.
There are the following types of migration by:
- character - labor and for political reasons;
- duration - temporary (seasonal) and constant;
- territories - domestic and international;
- status - legal and illegal.
Social elevators
Social lift -a concept similar to vertical mobility, but more often used in the modern context of discussion elite theories as one of the means of rotation of the ruling elite.
Elite theory - a concept that assumes that the people as a whole cannot govern the state and this function is assumed by the elite of society.
Generational mobility
Intergenerational mobility is a comparative change in social status among different generations.
Intra-generational mobility (social career) is a change in status within one generation. Vertical and horizontal mobility is influenced by gender, age, birth rate, mortality rate, and population density. In general, men and young people are more mobile than women and the elderly. Overpopulated countries are more likely to experience the effects of emigration than immigration. Where fertility is high, the population is younger and therefore more mobile, and vice versa.
Social mobility elevators
The choice of a social mobility lift is of great importance in choosing a profession and in recruiting personnel. Sorokin named eight elevators of vertical mobility, along which people move up or down the steps of the social ladder in the course of their personal careers.
- Army;
- Religious organizations;
- School and scientific organizations;
- The political lift, that is, government groups and parties;
- Art;
- Press, television, radio;
- Economic organizations;
- Family and marriage.
Social lift: concept, examples
The social lift is a very interesting social mechanism. This topic is simply necessary to know for orientation in the material on social studies. No matter how much I say that it is important to be able to cite facts, to navigate in examples, material - everything is like saying nothing. They all read some books, solve some tests ... Just tin. In general, tomorrow there will be Different conversations # 3. I'll tell you what you are doing wrong. And now about social elevators.
Social elevator concept
The social lift is a mechanism for raising (or lowering) social status. The concept of a social lift is directly related to the concept. But to a greater extent - with social mobility. Social elevators raise (or lower) four basic social attributes: power, income, prestige, and education.
These signs can rise one at a time or all at once. For example, the level of power is the number of people who are subordinate to you. The more - the more the level of power. It is clear that any organization with a hierarchy of positions and statuses can serve as a social lift here.
Income is the entire aggregate of material values \u200b\u200bthat an individual receives over a certain period. Income, like power, can increase in one social elevator, but not in another. For example, you can be an archivist (what a status!), But the salary can be just beggarly.
What is prestige and level of education in more detail, as well as the two previous signs of social mobility, were analyzed in the video course "Social Studies: Unified State Exam for 100 points"
Social elevator examples
Pitirim Sorokin, a Nobel laureate and a Russian-American sociologist, recognized only three social lifts: the army, the family, and the church.
In the army, you can curry favor with a private to a general - with diligence and due diligence. For example, let's take some guy from the Klyuchi village, which is located in the heart of Kamchatka. As you understand, a helicopter arrives there, throws out medicines, food once a month and flies away. What are the real chances for a guy from such a village to "break out into the people"? He will not pass the exam, because there is one school for the entire district, and there are only 3-4 teachers who teach all disciplines.
By the way, a girl from such a wilderness once wrote to me - she bought a video course on history from me and passed it - for points - the best in the region ... She entered the university and her happiness knew no bounds. Well, what about our boy? He is not particularly distinguished by zeal - he would have to run through the forest, but drive football ... The army is the only available social elevator, where he will be taken with arms and legs just like that. And he is healthy - I suppose he will go. Here the army will be an awesome social lift for him.
The church is also a great social lift. For example, if you were an ordinary boy, you became a priest. There is career growth, and food, housing (cells) will be provided. In short, wow. Just need to tighten up Greek and Latin.
The family is an example of a social elevator. If you were born into a family with connections, then you are guaranteed a serious career. Dad is the director of the plant, mom is the mayor of the city, uncle is the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - choose what is called - you will not go wrong. However, today, other social elevators have appeared in the post-industrial society. For example, education and the Internet.
An example of such a case is Igor Rasteryaev. Who knew this talented singer and musician until 2011, when he sang his famous song about combiners on YouTube? Nobody. And after his video was watched and appreciated by 10 million people, he became a popular singer and musician! About education as a social lift - you can think of it yourself - nothing complicated.
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Best regards, Andrey Puchkov
